The fast food industry Essay Example for Free

The immediate nutrition industry EssayThe devalued regimen industry has been growing to a undischargeder extent and more than every year. There is a fast food restaurant in every corner. Since fast food is becoming so popular more and more tribe chose to go to a fast food restaurant daily. refrain food is a continuing growth industry in our country. Fast food restaurants continue to increase their popularity by lowering their prices and providing hurrying service for their customers. There is a huge competition between fast food restaurants and how they advertise jackpot effect the business. There are many reasons as to why fast food has give-up the ghost so popular. One of the main causes is the simplest of them all, laziness. One of the main causes for the popularity of fast food is advertisement. There are fast food restaurants being advertised of billboards, at approximately schools, on the internet, and on television.Most fast food advertisements are directed t o new-fashioned people because they are easily persuaded. According to Haugen, young people in America are bombarded with advertising every day. A young person does not usually think of their health or other important brokers that could be serve of take fast food constantly, they just think that its what they want because they saw it on the television. Haugen states, Marketers circulate them through commercials on television and also through ads in magazines, on billboards, on the internet and even in the bathroom stalls at school (Haugen 2008). It check intoms that there is no escape from fast food marketing for children.It is everywhere they turn. It is sad that advertisement companies have fix so many ways to get to children to make them want to consume their product because for most of them it results in obesity. One of the most successful advertisement products comes with the childs meal, the toy. Many children insist on their parents buying them that meal, from that par ticular fast food restaurant, because they want the toy that comes with the kids meal. Since fast food has move around so popular it has resulted in obesity for many children. The children are drawn to the fast food because of the toys that come with the meal and how it is advertised to be more charitable to children. Since the effect of fast food on children has been so drastic many fast food restaurants now have healthy choice kid meals that come with a toy as well. This could be a great alternative to help children eat healthy.Since many people have such demanding memorials they resort to fast food. According to Simplicity of Thinking, the main cause for the current expanding of fast food restaurants is that they fit with the needed speed of living everywhere (SOT 2011). This means that with an someones busy schedule they do not have enough time to prepare a meal in the morning so they resort to fast food. An example presumption states that throughout the day an individual m ay sometimes resort to fast food more than once in order to make their life easier. Fast food makes it possible to eat on the go and live life uninterrupted. According to Think Free, since the popularity of fast food has grown people have become habituate to fast food. Eating fast food develops the habit and addiction to this kind of food (Rokotmivo 2009). the secret recipes of fast food restaurants have hidden components, heed slight if they are healthy of not, they are always included in the meal.This is what makes each fast food restaurant distinct from another and makes you want to return to that selfsame(prenominal) one to get that same taste that you have become addicted to. For example, getting a cheeseburger from Burger King will taste different than ordering a cheeseburger from Carls Jr. even if it is ordered with the exact same condiments. This is because of the secret ingredient that each burger has that sets it apart from other fast food restaurants. When people are a ddicted to fast food they will find natural and typical food less delicious and no longer satisfies their needs. Having fast food be an undemanding resort to cooking a meal and taking someones time away from them it has caused it to become more popular and has still effected many people in having a poor diet.Fast food is not just convenient it is also inexpensive. According to Food for Thought, a new national study of eating out and income shows that fast food dining has become more popular with lower income families (FFT 2002). Fast food has become more popular with those of lower income families. With the specials and the great deals like the dollar menu it is less expensive than preparing a meal for some families. This results in more people going to fast food restaurants. If some fruit at a grocery store costs a dollar or sometimes maybe more, people would rather go to a fast food restaurant and get something more filling like a cheeseburger off of the dollar menu. With the eco nomy so bad it is easy to see why many people resort to fastfood over going to the grocery store. It is not only easier but in some cases it is less expensive.One of the main causes for the popularity of fast food is that people are simply lazy. It is true that many people havve the time and the means to cook a adequate meal for themselves or their family but they resort to fast food simply because it is an easy alternative. Why is there a need to cook when it would be faster to just go to a fast food restaurant since there is one at almost every corner and order something. The lazy factor of many people has resulted in obesity. Fast food also makes a persons body want to be less inactive. After eating something from McDonalds an individual would most likely want to take a nap or just relax and watch a movie. The effect that fast food has on the body is never good, whether its laziness or obesity.In conclusion, the cause of the popularity of fast food is great advertisement, its ea sy and fast, and people are lazy. The effects of fast food has resulted in it being everywhere, whether its advertised on television, on billboards, or in schools, and found on every corner. Fast food has led to many people being obese and addicted to the unhealthy choices they offer. The more popular fast food has gotten the more fast food restaurants are being built to reach the demands of society. Fast food for some people can rule their lives.

Capital Account Convertibility Essay Example for Free

Capital Account Convertibility EssayCapital Account Convertibility. Should India adopt full convertibility? Capital Account Convertibility-or a floating exchange rate-is a gambol of a nations financial regime that centers around the ability to conduct transactions of local financial assets into foreign financial assets freely and at market resolved exchange evaluate. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset Liberation or CAC. CAC is mostly a guideline to changes of ownership in foreign or interior(prenominal) financial assets and liabilities.Tangenti everyy, it covers and extends the framework of the creation and crystallineation of laims on, or by the rest of the world, on local asset and currency markets. Current account convertibility allows free inflows and outflows for all purposes other than for metropolis purposes such as investments and loans. In other words, it allows residents to make and receive trade-related openments receive dollars (or any other foreign currency) for export of goods and services and pay dollars for aftermath of goods and services, make sundry remittances, access foreign currency for travel, studies abroad, medical treatment and gifts, etc.Capital account convertibility is considered to be one of the major features of a developed economy. It helps attract foreign investment. It offers foreign investors a lot of comfort as they can re-convert local currency into foreign currency anytime they want to and shoot their money away. At the same time, capital account convertibility makes it easier for domestic companies to tap foreign markets. At the moment, India has current account convertibility. This means one can import and export goods or receive or make payments for services rendered. However, investments and borrowings are restricted.But economists say that Jumping into capital account convertibility game without considering the downside of the step could ill-treat the economy. The East Asian economic crisis is c ited as an example by those opposed to capital account convertibility. Even the World Bank has said that embracing capital account convertibility without adequate preparation could be catastrophic. But India is now on firm ground given its strong financial sector reform and financial consolidation, and can now slowly but steadily move towards fuller capital account convertibility.CAC has 5 basic statements designed as points of All types of liquid capital assets must be able to be exchanged freely, mingled with any two nations, with standardized exchange rates. The amounts must be a epoch-making mount (in excess of $500,000). Capital inflows should be invested in semi-liquid assets, to prevent churning and excessive outflow. Institutional investors should not use CAC to manipulate fiscal policy or exchange rates. Excessive inflows and outflows should be buffered by subject area banks to provide collateral.Prior to its implementation, foreign investment was hindered by uneven exc hange rates due to transactions, and national banks were disassociated from fiscal exchange policy and incurred high costs in supplying hard-currency loans for those few local companies that wished to do business abroad. Due to the low exchange rates and lower costs associated with Third World nations, this was expected to spur domestic capital, which would lead to welfare gains, and in turn lead to higher GDP growth.The trade-off for such growth was seen as a lack of sustainable internal GNP growth and a decrease in domestic capital investments. When CAC is use with the proper restraints, this is exactly what happens. The entire outsourcing movement with Jobs and factories going oversees is a direct result of the foreign investment aspect of CAC. The Tarapore Committees recommendation of tying liquid assets to unruffled assets (i. e. investing in long term government bonds, etc) was seen by many economists as directly responsible for stabilizing the idea of capital account libera lization.The countenance Bank of India has appointed a committee to set out the framework for fuller Capital Account Convertibility. The Committee, chaired by former RBI governor S S Tarapore, was set up by the Reserve Bank of India in consultation with the Government of India to revisit the subject of fuller capital account convertibility in the context of the progress in economic reforms, the stability of the external and financial sectors, accelerated growth and global integration.Economists Surjit S Bhalla, M G Bhide, R H Patil, A V RaJwade and Alit Ranade were the members of the Committee. The Reserve Bank of India has also constituted an internal task force to re-examine the extant regulations and make recommendations to remove the operational impediments in the path of liberalisation already in place. The task force will make its recommendations on an ongoing basis and the processes are expected to be complete by December 4, 2006.The Task Force has been set up following a re commendation of the Committee. The Task Force will be convened by Salim Gangadharan, chieftain general manager, in- harge, foreign exchange department, Reserve Bank of India, and will have the following terms of reference Undertake a review of the extant regulations that ramble current and capital accounts, especially items in one account that have implication for the other account, and iron out inconsistencies in such regulations.Examine existent repatriation/ surrender requirements in the context of current account convertibility and management of capital account. Identify areas where streamlining and simplification of procedure is possible and remove the operational impediments, especially in espect of the ease with which transactions at the level of authorized entities are regulations are consistent with regulatory intent.Review the delegation of powers on foreign exchange regulations between Central Office and Regional offices of the RBI and examine, selectively, the efficacy in the functioning of the delegation of powers by RBI to Authorised Dealers (banks). Consider any other subject field of relevance to the above. The Task Force is empowered to devise its work procedure, constitute working groups in miscellaneous areas, co-opt permanent/special invitees and meet various trade ssociations, representative bodies or individuals to facilitate its work.

Comparison of Perfect and Imperfect Competition

Comparison of Perfect and Imperfect contestationINTRODUCTIONThe suffer of Economics Adam Smith in his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments, wrote ab break the main characteristics of human beings. According to him a human being is real selfish or possesses self-love as well as there exists an invisible hand. The excogitation of self- love in human being is one of the approximately important factor in the measure theory as well as in the development of foodstuff. 1Gener on the wholey a human being carries out economic activities till a point where he thinks that what I am paying is equal to what I am receiving, Human being get outingly stack or carry out exchange till he feels that what I am giving is less and what I am receiving is to a greater extent(prenominal), once he realises that what I am giving is equal to what I am receiving, he will stop further trade.This is one of the most important philosophy of consumers and producers. Both the concept is based on selfish mot ives of maximising returns in terms of their efforts that is money. Since an economy consists of various economic agents with diverse interests, allocating resources optimally becomes an intricate task. Economic planners have both mutually opposing means to solve this allocation problem planning versus challenger. Which avenue will be adopted by the planners depends crucially on their value judgments.WHAT IS A MARKET?Originally says Jevons, a commercialize was a public place in a town where provisions and other objects were exposed for barter but the world has been generalised so as to mean e really body of persons who argon in intimate business relations and carry on extensive transactions in any trade good.In the words of Cournot, a French economist, Economics understand by the term food foodstuff not any particular grocery store placec in which things atomic number 18 bought and sold but the whole of any region in which buyers and shell outers argon in such free rela tion with one another that the outlay of the aforementioned(prenominal) goods tends to equality easily and quickly.Thus, the essentials of commercialise areA commodity which is dealt with.The existence of buyers and sellersA place, be it authentic region, boorish or entire world.Such intercourse between buyers and sellers that only one price should prevail for the same commodity at the same time.PERFECT contentionPerfect disceptation is a theoretical trade anatomical structure. Perfect competition is the world of price-takers. A utterly competitive faithful sells a homogenous product. It is so small relative to its market that it fuckingnot affect the market price it simply takes the price as give.Under perfect competition, there are many buyers and sellers, and prices glisten make out and necessity. Also, consumers have many substitutes if the good or gain they wish to buy becomes too expensive or its quality begins to fall short. New faithfuls goat easily estimat e the market, generating additional competition. Companies earn just enough profit to stay in business and no more, because if they were to earn excess profits, other companies would enter the market and drive profits back down to the bare minimum.Real-world competition differs from the textbook model of perfect competition in many elbow rooms. Real companies estimate to perform their products different from those of their competitors. They advertise to try to gain market share. They cut prices to try to take customers away from other unattackables. They raise prices in the hope of increase profits. And around firms are large enough to affect market prices. But the perfect competition model is not an ideal that we should try to achieve in the real world.Features of Perfect oppositionThere are many small firms, each producing an identical product .Each too small to effect the market price.The perfect competitior faces a completely horizontal demand curve.The extra revenue enha ncement gained from each extra unit sold is therefore the market price.Freedom of incoming and Exit this will require low sunk costs.2Diagram for Perfect CompetitionThese factors are unrealistic in the real world. However Perfect Competition is as important economic model to compare other models. It is often argued that competitive markets have many benefits which stem from this theoretical model.In the Industry price is determined by the interaction of Supply and Demand.The firm will maximise siding where MR = MC at Q1In the Long Run Firms will make Normal profits.If Supernormal profits are made new firms will be attracted into the industry causing prices to fall. If firms are making a loss then firms will leave the industry causing price to rise.3Assumptions behind a Perfectly Competitive MarketMany suppliers each with an insignificant share of the market this means that each firm is too small relative to the all overall market to affect price via a change in its own supply each individual firm is assumed to be a price takerAn identical output produced by each firm in other words, the market supplies homogeneous or standardised products that are perfect substitutes for each other. Consumers perceive the products to be identicalConsumers have perfect information about the prices all sellers in the market charge so if some firms decide to charge a price higher than the ruling market price, there will be a large substitution effect away from this firmAll firms (industry participants and new entrants) are assumed to have equal access to resources (technology, other factor inputs) and improvements in production technologies achieved by one firm can spill-over to all the other suppliers in the market. 4IMPERFECT COMPETITIONImperfect competition is a competitive market situation where there are many sellers, but they are selling heterogeneous (dissimilar) goods as opposed to the perfect competitive market scenario. As the disclose suggests, competitive mar kets that are imperfect in nature.Imperfect competition is the real world competition. Today some of the industries and sellers follow it to earn surplus profits. In this market scenario, the seller enjoys the luxury of influencing the price in order to earn more profits. It prevails in an industry whenever individual sellers have some measure of control over the price of their output. Take the example of Coco-cola and perpsi together have the majpr share of the market, and imperfect competition clearly prevails.If a seller is selling a non-identical good in the market, then he can raise the prices and earn profits. High profits attract other sellers to enter the market and sellers, who are incurring losses, can very easily exit the market. The major types of imperfect competition are monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition.Monopolistic Competition This market structure is characterized by a large round of relatively small competitors, each with a modest degree of market c ontrolon the supply side. A key feature of monopolistic competition is product differentiation. The output of each producer is a close but not identical substitute to that of every other firm, which helps satisfy diverse consumer wants and needs.Oligopoly This market structure is characterized by a small number of relatively large competitors, each with substantial market control. Oligopoly sellers exhibit interdependent decision making which can lead to discriminating competition among the few and the motivation to cooperate through mergers and collisions.Monopoly Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economiccompetitionto produce thegoodorserviceand a lack of viablesubstitute goods. Monopoly is an enterprise that is the only seller of a good or service. In the absence of government intervention, a monopoly is free to practice any price it chooses and will usually set the price that yields the largest possible profit. Just being a monopoly need not make an enterprise mor e bankable than other enterprises that face competition, the market may be so small that it barely supports one enterprise.But if the monopoly is in fact more profitable than competitive enterprises, economists expect that other entrepreneurs will enter the business to capture some of the higher returns. If enough rivals enter, their competition will drive prices down and draw monopoly power.COMPARISION OF VARIOUS MARKETSA distinction has been made between perfect and imperfect competition. A market is said to be perfect when all the potential sellers and buyers are promptly aware of the prices at which transactions take place and all the offers made by other sellers and buyers, and when any buyer can purchase from any seller. Same price same commodity same times is essential characteristic of perfect market. 5On the other hand, a market is imperfect when some buyers or sellers or both are not aware of the prices made by others. Different prices come to prevail for the same commo dity at the same time in an imperfect market.STRUCTURENO.OF PRODUCERS AND DEGREE OF PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPART OF ECONOMY WHERE ITS PREVALENTFIRMS DEGREE OF go steadyMETHODS PF MARKETINGPerfect CompetitionMany products identical products.Financial markets and agricultural productsNoneMarket exchange or auction.Imperfect CompetitionMonopolistic CompetitionMany producers many real differences in products.Retail trade resembling pizzas, beer.SomeAdvertising and quality rivalry administered prices.OligopolyFew producers little or no difference in product.Steel, chemicalssomeAdvertising and quality rivalry administered prices.MonopolySingle producer product without close substitutes.Franchise monopolies like electricity, water,drugsconsiderableAdvertisingCOMPARISION ON BASIS OF DEMANDIn economics, basicallydemandis the utility for a good or service of an economic agent, relative to his income. Demand is a buyers willingness and aptitude to pay a price for a specific sum of money of a good or service. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers at various prices. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand.The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time.In the above diagram, PART A reflects that the perfect competitor faces a horizontal demand curve, indicating that it can sell all it wants at the going market price. The price elasticity is perfectly elastic. When there is pure competition, since the number of firms is large, no individual has power to influence the market price. Also, since the products are identical from the consumers point of view, the price paid by them cant be different. OX and OY are two axes. Along OX is the output and the OY is the price/revenue. At OP price a seller can sell as much as he likes. He cannot charge more and not charge less because then hell lose all his customers.PART B says that an imperfect competition, in contrast, faces a downward sloping demand curve. Meaning that if an imperfect competitive firm increases its sales, it will de mortally depress the market price of its output as it moves down its dd curve. The price elasticity is finite elastic. 6COMPARISONON BASIS OF SUPPLYCompetitive firm has direct implications for the market supply curve and the law of supply. The primary conclusion is that a perfectly competitive firms short-run supply curve is that segment of its borderline cost curve that lies above the average variable costcurve.A perfectly competitive firm produces the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue, which is equal to price, and marginal cost, as long as price exceeds average variable cost. The profit-maximizing choices of output at ersatz prices generate the perfectly competitive firms short-run supply curve.Consider three key pointsA profit- maximizing firm produces the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost (MR = MC).A perfectly competitive firm is characterized by the equality between price and marginal revenue (P = MR).The law of diminishing marginal returns gives the marginal cost curve a positive slope.Combining all three points means that a profit-maximizing perfectly competitive firm produces the quantity of output that equates price and marginal cost (P = MC).An increase in the price, moves the profit-maximizing quantity to a higher point on the positively-sloped marginal cost curve, and a larger production quantity.A decrease in the price, moves the profit-maximizing quantity to a lower point on the positively-sloped marginal cost curve, and a small production quantity.REAL WORLD SCENARIOIn the post independence era, India adopted highly restrictive industrial policy. Indias industrial licensing policy created entry barriers for personal enterprises in sectors earmarked for them an d hence didnt put up perfect competition. Indian planners who believed in the doctrine of infant industry argument provided necessary protection to domesticated manufactures from foreign competition by way of tariff barriers.During this regulated regime, however, Indias industrial growth rate was not promising. In India, under Structural readjustment Programme (SAP), industrial licensing policy was abolished and tariff and quantity restrictions on imports were also dispensed with. Thus the New Economic Policy made an effort to promote a competitive market system in India. As a result Indias industrial sector started showing some signs of improvement in terms of growth.7In the real world, situations like perfect market exists for markets for most of unbranded staple goods such as food grain and vegetables. However it should be noted that there is a trend of branding more and more of such goods also, and in this ways making their markets become more and more like oligopolistic mark ets.In a monopoly like in Saudi Arabia the government has sole control over the oil industry. A monopoly may also form when a company has a copyright or patent that prevents others from entering the market. Pfizer, for instance, had a patent on Viagra. In an oligopoly, assume, for example, that an economy needs only 100 widgets. alliance X produces 50 widgets and its competitor, Company Y, produces the other 50. The prices of the two brands will be interdependent and, therefore, similar. So, if Company X starts selling the widgets at a lower price, it will get a greater market share, thereby forcing Company Y to lower its prices as well. There are two extreme forms of market structure monopoly and, its opposite, perfect competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and, as a result, many substitutes. Perfect competition means there are few, if any, barriers to entry for new companies, and prices are determined by supply and demand. Thus, producers in a perfectly competitive market are subject to the prices determined by the market and do not have any leverage. For example, in a perfectly competitive market, should a single firm decide to increase its selling price of a good, the consumers can just turn to the nearest competitor for a better price, causing any firm that increases its prices to lose market share and profits.CRITICISMS OF PERFECT COMPETITIONThe use of the assumption of perfect competition as the foundation ofprice theoryfor product markets is often criticized as representing all agents as passive, thus removing the active attempts to increase ones welfare or profits by price undercutting, product design, advertising, innovation, activities that the critics argue characterize most industries and markets. These criticisms point to the sponsor lack of realism of the assumptions ofproduct homogenity and impossibility to differentiate it, but apart from this the accusation of passivity appears correct only for short-period or very-short-period analyses, in long-period analyses the inability of price to set out from the natural or long-period price is due to active reactions of entry or exit.Some economists have a different kind of criticism concerning perfect competition model. They are not criticizing theprice taker assumption because it makes economic agents too passive, but because it then raises the question of who sets the prices. Indeed, if everyone is price taker, there is the need for a benevolent planner who gives and sets the prices, in other word, there is a need for a price maker. Therefore, it makes the perfect competition model appropriate not to describe a decentralize market economy but a centralized one. This in turn means that such kind of model has more to do with communism than capitalism.Another prevalent criticism is that it is often not true that in the short run differences between supply and demand cause changes in price espec ially in manufacturing, the more common behaviour is alteration of production without nearly any alteration of price.CONCLUSIONIn this industrial and competitive world not everyone has a chance to excel. Sometimes there is boom period in the economy when the firms income flourishes while at other times there can be a depression which will create losses for the firm. It is thus a firms ability to manage its resources carefully and feasibly.Why do consumers spend their income on new brands? A classical reference may be in order The love of novelty manifests itself equally in those who are well off and in those who are not. For . . . men get tired of prosperity, just as they are afflicted by the reverse. . . . This love of change . . . opens the way to everyone who takes the lead in any innovation in any country.Thus, in an economy there will be different types of market and each market will have its own pros and cons it just depends on the various innovations they undertake to attract more consumers. Both perfect and imperfect competitions excel in their fields.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKSNordhaus, Samuelson. (2008) Economics. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill publication Company Limited.Dewett, K.K., Nevalur, M.H., forward-looking Economic Theory, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2010.WEBSITEShttp//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/http//tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/competition/competition.htmhttp//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/http//www.cci.gov.in/May2011/Advocacy/essay2012/jyoti.pdf1 Dewett, K.K., Nevalur, M.H., Modern Economic Theory, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2010.2 http//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/3 http//www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/4 http//tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/competition/competition.htm5 Dewett, K.K., Nevalur, M.H., Modern Economic Theory, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2010.6 Nordhaus, Samuelson. (2008) Economics. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limi ted.7 The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) was 6.2 percent for April-Dec, 1999.

Biometric Passport With Rfid Information Technology Essay

Biometric Passport With Rfid Information Technology EssayRadio-frequency identification is the white plague of an end typically referred to as an RFID strike out applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. approximately tittles displace be pack from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the subscriber.Radio-frequency identification comprises interrogators ( besides kn hold as readers), and get behinds (also known as labels).The RFID thingumabob serves the uniform purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit shake or ATM card it provides a unique identifier for that object. And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip moldiness be s chiffonierned to hold up the randomness, the RFID machination must be s cigaretned to retrieve the identifying information.RFID Works Better Than BarcodesA signifi hind endt advantage of RFID devices over the differents mention ed above is that the RFID device does not need to be positioned precisely relative to the s rear endner. Were all familiar with the difficulty that farm animal checkout clerks sometimes welcome in making sure that a barcode can be read. And obviously, credit cards and ATM cards must be swiped through a circumscribed reader.In contrast, RFID devices will work inwardly a some feet (up to 20 feet for high-frequency devices) of the scanner. For example, you could just put all of your groceries or purchases in a bag, and set the bag on the scanner. It would be able to query all of the RFID devices and bring your purchase immediately.RFID technology has been available for more than fifty old age. It has only been recently that the ability to manufacture the RFID devices has fallen to the point where they can be utilize as a throwaway inventory or control device. Alien Technologies recently sold 500 million RFID tags to Gillette at a cost of about ex cents per tag.One reason tha t it has taken so long for RFID to come into common expenditure is the lack of standards in the industry. Most companies invested in RFID technology only use the tags to track accompaniments within their control many a(prenominal) of the benefits of RFID come when items ar tracked from company to company or from country to country. introduce 2 Types of RFID tagsFigure 3 RFID scannersHistory and technology backgroundMario Cardullos U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the commencement ceremony true ancestor of modern RFID a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, supply by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive fomite id entification, automatic toll formation, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check allow, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient of history).An early demonstration of reflected agency (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Freyman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated at 915MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of todays UHFID and microwave RFID tags.The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983.MiniaturizationRFIDs be easy to curb or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009 researchers at Bristol University successfully glued RFID micro transponders to live ants in order to study their behavior. This tre nd towards progressively miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances. However, the ability to read at distance is limited by the inverse-squ ar law.Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID cut out, at 0.05mm x 0.05mm. The Mu chip tags are 64 times smaller than the new RFID tags. Manufacture is enabled by using the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process. These dust sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bit Read all Memory (ROM). A major challenge is the attachment of the antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimeters.Potential alternatives to the radio frequencies (0.125-0.1342, 0.140-0.1485, 13.56, and 840-960MHz) used are suss outn in optical RFID (or OPID) at 333 THz (900nm), 380 THz (788nm), 750 THz (400nm). The awkward antennas of RFID can be replaced with photovoltaic components and IR-LEDs on the ICs.Figure 4 Miniature RFID tag standard DecompositionOur system requirements are genuinely clearly and not expect to change frequently.S o, we will use in our system Waterfall model.And because the requirements are surface understood.Project ActivitiesT containDuration (week)DescriptionT12-Feasibility study of the systemT22-Requirement analysis-Requirement specificationT36-System design-Code programming-Interface designT42-System testing-Feedback on system testing-validation of systemRisks ManagementRisk typePossible risksTechnology Not all system familiar withRFID hardwares and softwares. flock-Key staff is ill and unavailable at critical times(Only one employee work in this system).Requirements-Customers fail to understand the impact ofRequirements changes.Estimation-The time required to develop the software is underestimated.-The rate of defect repair is underestimated.-The size of the software is underestimated.Risks AnalysisRiskProbabilityEffectsTechnologyLowSerious nationLowCatastrophicRequirementsHighSeriousEstimationModerateSeriousRisk Management StrategiesRisk typeStrategyTechnologyWill deal the software hardwareCarefully.People-Gave e really task over-days, and some days willHave overtime of work.Requirements-After every task there is a feedback,The costume designer will see it.-Investigate buying-in components.Estimation-Replace potentially defective componentsWith bought-in components of known reliability.RFID ToolsMost RFID tags ensure at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and touch on information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.There are generally two types of RFID tags1. Active RFID tagsAn RFID tag is an active tag when it is provide with a battery that can be used as a partial or complete source of power for the tags circuitry and antenna. Some active tags contain replaceable batteries for years of use others are sealed units. ( place that it is also possible to connect the tag to an external power source.)Advantages of an active rfid tag1- It can be read at distances of one hundred feet or more, greatly improving the utility of the device2- It may have other sensors that can use electrical energy for power.3- Longest communication range of any tag.4- The capability to perform independent monitoring and control5- The capability of initiating communications6- The capability of performing diagnostics7- The highest info bandwidth8- Active rfid tags may even be equipped with autonomous networking the tags autonomously determine the best communication path.Disadvantages of an active RFID tag1- The tag cannot function without battery power, which limits the spirit of the tag.2- The tag is typically more expensive, often costing $20 or more each.3- The tag is physically larger, which may limit applications.4- The long-term maintenance be for an active RFID tag can be greater than those of a passive tag if the batteries are replaced.5- Battery outages in an active tag can issuance in expensive misreads.2 . Passive RFID tagsA passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery the power is supplied by the reader. When radio waves from the reader are encountered by a passive RFID tag, the coiled antenna within the tag forms a magnetic field. The tag draws power from it, energizing the circuits in the tag. The tag then sends the information encoded in the tags memory.Advantages of a passive tag1- The tag functions without a battery these tags have a useful life of twenty years or more.2- The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture.3- The tag is much smaller (some tags are the size of a grain of rice). These tags have about unlimited applications in consumer goods and other areas.Disadvantages of a passive rfid tag1- The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few feet at most. This greatly limits the device for certain applications.2- It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power.3- The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the product to which the tag is attached has been sold and is no longer being.Figure 5 Active and Passive RFID tagCurrent uses of RFID1- Biometric laissez passerA biometric strait, also known as an e-passport or ePassport, is a combined paper and electronic passport (hence the e-, as in e-mail) that contains biometric information that can be used to attest the identity of travelers. It uses contactless smart card technology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or center page, of the passport. Document and chip characteristics are record in the International well-behaved Aviation Organisations (ICAO) Doc 9303. The passports critical information is both printed on the entropy page of the passport and stored in the chip. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip making it virtually impo ssible to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented.Note that the USA Passport card is not a biometric passport. The passport card does not follow the ICAOs Doc 9303, can only be used in a limited number of countries and uses a simple RFID chip instead of the contactless smart card technology that is used for biometric passports. Contactless smart card technology includes a microprocessor, data approaching control, communications security and other functionality as programmed.2- Microchip ingraft (human)A human microchip implant is an integrated circuit device or RFID transponder encased in silicate glass and implanted into a humans body. A subdermal implant typically contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as personal identification, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information.HobbyistsThe first newspapered experiment with an RFID implant was carried out in 1998 by the British scientist Kevin Warwick. As a test, his implant was used to open doors, switch on lights, and cause verbal output within a twist. The implant has since been held in the Science Museum (London).Since that time, at least two additional hobbyists have placed RFID microchips implants into their hands or had them placed there by others.Amal Graafstra, author of the book RFID Toys, asked makes to place implants in his hands. A cosmetic surgeon used a scalpel to place a microchip in his left hand, and his family doctor injected a chip into his right hand using a veterinary Avid injector kit. Graafstra uses the implants to open his home and car doors and to log on to his computer. Neither implant was the VeriChip brand.Medical records useThe PositiveID Corporation (previously known as The VeriChip Corporation Applied Digital Solutions, Inc. and The Digital Angel Corporation) distribute the implantable chip known as the VeriChip. The company suggests that the implant could be used to retrieve medical information in the event of an emergency, as follows separately VeriChip implant contains a 16-digit ID number. This number is transmitted when a hand-held VeriChip scanner is passed within a few inches of the implant. Participating hospitals and emergency workers can enter this number into a unspoilt page on the VeriChip Corporations website to access medical information that the patient has previously stored on file with the company.Building access and securityThe VeriChip Corporation has also suggested that the implant could be used to restrict access to secure facilities such as power plants. Microchip scanners could be installed at entrances so locks would only work for persons with appropriately programmed chips.The pigside is the relative ease with which the 16-digit ID number contained in a chip implant can be obtained and cloned using a hand-held device, a problem that has been demonstrated publicly by security researcher Jonathan Westhues and documen ted in the May 2006 issue of Wired magazine, among other places.A nightclub in Barcelona offered a chip implant for identifying VIP guests.Figure 6 Biometric passport with RFID tagFigure 7 Microchip human implantTechnical problems with RFIDProblems with RFID StandardsRFID has been implemented in different ways by different manufacturers global standards are still being worked on. It should be noted that some RFID devices are never meant to leave their network (as in the case of RFID tags used for inventory control within a company). This can cause problems for companies.Consumers may also have problems with RFID standards. For example, ExxonMobils SpeedPass system is a proprietary RFID system if another company wanted to use the comfortable SpeedPass (say, at the drive-in window of your favorite fast food restaurant) they would have to pay to access it an unlikely scenario. On the other hand, if every company had their own SpeedPass system, a consumer would need to carry many diff erent devices with them.RFID systems can be easily disruptedSince RFID systems make use of the electromagnetic spectrum (like WiFi networks or cellphones), they are relatively easy to jam using energy at the right frequency. Although this would only be an inconvenience for consumers in stores (longer waits at the checkout), it could be disastrous in other environments where RFID is increasingly used, like hospitals or in the military in the field.Also, active RFID tags (those that use a battery to increase the range of the system) can be repeatedly interrogated to wear the battery down, disrupting the system.RFID Reader CollisionReader collision occurs when the signals from two or more readers overlap. The tag is unable to respond to simultaneous queries. Systems must be carefully set up to avoid this problem many systems use an anti-collision protocol (also called a singulation protocol. Anti-collision protocols enable the tags to take turns in transmitting to a reader.RFID Tag Col lisionTag collision occurs when many tags are present in a small area but since the read time is very fast, it is easier for vendors to develop systems that ensure that tags respond one at a time.Security, privacy and ethics problems with RFIDThe following problems with RFID tags and readers have been reportedThe contents of an RFID tag can be read after the item leaves the supply chainAn RFID tag cannot tell the difference between one reader and another. RFID scanners are very portable RFID tags can be read from a distance, from a few inches to a few yards. This allows anyone to see the contents of your purse or pocket as you walk down the street. Some tags can be turned off when the item has left the supply chain.Zombie RFID TagsOne of the main concerns with RFID tags is that their contents can be read by anyone with an appropriately equipped scanner even after you take it out of the store.One technology that has been suggested is a zombie RFID tag, a tag that can be temporarily deactivated when it leaves the store. The process would work like this you bring your purchase up to the register, the RFID scanner reads the item, you pay for it and as you leave the store, you pass a special device that sends a signal to the RFID tag to die. That is, it is no longer readable.The zombie element comes in when you bring an item back to the store. A special device especially made for that kind of tag re-animates the RFID tag, allowing the item to reenter the supply chain.RFID tags are difficult to removeRFID tags are difficult to for consumers to remove some are very small (less than a half-millimeter square and as thin as a sheet of paper) others may be hidden or embedded inside a product where consumers cannot see them. New technologies allow RFID tags to be printed right on a product and may not be removable at all.RFID tags can be read without your knowledgeSince the tags can be read without being swiped or obviously scanned (as is the case with magnetic strips o r barcodes), anyone with an RFID tag reader can read the tags embedded in your clothes and other consumer products without your knowledge. For example, you could be scanned before you enter the store, just to see what you are carrying. You might then be approached by a clerk who knows what you have in your backpack or purse, and can suggest accessories or other items.RFID tags can be read at greater distances with a high-gain antennaFor various reasons, RFID reader/tag systems are designed so that distance between the tag and the reader is kept to a minimum. However, a high-gain antenna can be used to read the tags from much further away, leading to privacy problems.RFID tags with unique serial numbers could be linked to an person credit card numberAt present, the Universal Product Code (UPC) implemented with barcodes allows each product sold in a store to have a unique number that identifies that product. Work is proceeding on a global system of product identification that would a llow each individual item to have its own number. When the item is scanned for purchase and is paid for, the RFID tag number for a particular item can be associated with a credit card number.Goals of the projectMany students skip more than 20% of their lectures, and using an embed RFID tags in their student card will help to keep track of attendance.It can be a reference to the doctor in keeping records of attendance.It can also be used to provide any extra information to the doctor or the department without the need to type in the student number.It can be upgraded to include money amounts to be used around the university campus.Provides bring out focusing for the doctor in his lecture.Reduce the use of paper to keep track of the students.User RequirementsAny user can use the system.Students are able to see their attendance online and almost in real time.Ordinary student cards can be implanted with an RFID tag.DATA Flow DiagramFigure 8Scenario Diagram The first step , the user sca ns his cardThe user opens the website. For example Just website The user chooses if he will log-in like member or visitor.Figure 9If he clicks sign in Button, the system asks him to insert his ID and the Password, and then the system checks the validity of the inserted information and then asks him to rescan his card to match it with that ID.Figure 10If the password valid and is a match with the card, the system redirect him to the member page.Figure 11 If a doctor has logged in , the system ask him if he would like to open the attendance list of his lectures , or opens the student list of a certain lecture to have the students check for attendance . If a student has logged in, the students will be able to view a list of his lecture absence or check for a certain lecture attendance By rescanning the card, the member signs out of the system.If he clicks the Visitor spill, He can view a guide on how to obtain an RFID tagged card.Figure 12Information sourcesRFID tags are a new techno logy and few companies support it, one of these companies that provide support to RFID tags is TOUCHATAG. So we tried to collect as many information from the touchatag website about it and about the RFID hardware before we start using it and these resources are1- Touchatag webpage we entered Touchatag webpage to read about how to use touchatag device, tags.2- Taking the website racing circuit we took a tour about touchatag DIY.3- Reading books and tutorials we read many tutorials and online books about RFID tags and hardware.Software RequirementsTo do this project we needed some hardware to help us in the building1- Touchatag RFID scanner we must have touchatag rfid scanner to do this project, so we obtained it.2- RFID tags from Touchatag Company these tags are used with the scanner to have a working RFID environment.3- A programming software Programming software is required to implement the project, then uploading it to the touchatag website and attach it with the account associat ed with the RFID scanner.System RequirementsAs Touchatag application is a software attached to the touchatag server, lymph gland must satisfy these requirements to run the application, here we are using this application under Windows (requirements vary depend on OS machine)WindowsMinimum requirementRecommended cyberspace ConnectionCable or DSLCable or DSLOperating System2000, XP, or VistaXP or VistaComputer mainframe computer800 MHz Pentium III orAthlon, or better1.5 GHz (XP), 2-GHz (Vista) 32-bit (x86) or betterScreen Resolution1024768 pixels1024768 pixels or higherGraphics Card for XP/2000NVIDIA GeForce 2, GeForce 4 MX or betterNVIDIA Graphics cardsGeForce Go Series 7600, 7800, 7900ATI Graphics CardsX2600, X2900X3650, X3850Graphics Card for Vista (requires latest drivers)NVIDIA GeForce 6600 or betterOR ATI Radeon 9500 or betterOR Intel 945 chipsetNVIDIA Graphics cardsGeForce Go Series 7600, 7800, 7900ATI Graphics CardsX2600, X2900X3650, X3850ImplementationFor the implementation part, and due to the lack of guess to develop my application directly on the Touchatag device, I took the approach of developing two things and link them together, first Ive created the website and the data base using ASP.net and C, stored the data and performed the operation that Ill explain later on, and the second part was creating a visual basic script, that is attached to each tag and performs the task needed when it is called by the tag.ASP.net Ive started the project with programming on ASP.net using C, to accomplish the following tasksCreate a Doctor ID for login.Create a Doctor Password for login. celebrate the Doctor ID and Password in the database.Login as a Doctor and open the Student attendance system page.Check lectures where this function do the following Upon clicking the button the system checks the time on the system and then scan the database for any lectures that is in this time and then return the tables ID which matches the time of the system and then store it in a hidden label, then the program checks the hidden label for the ID of the lecture and goes to the database to retrieve the students who are attached with that ID, along with two fields for the period in and Time out.Upon clicking one of the four buttons which are labeled Open Sign in, Close Sign in. Open Sign out, Close Sign let on the values of a hidden label are changed to specific values.When the student types in his Student ID and Student Password , then press the login button , the system checks the student ID and the password if they are stored in the data base , once he found the data it checks which button of the four was clicked by the doctor first by checking a hidden label that stored the values of the button that was clicked , then based on that value it stores the time when the Login button was clicked, and by doing so it also updates the Database at the same Time.Visual Basic Script The visual basic script is what links the ASP.net website to the Touchatag card it is implemented through statements that do the followingEach Tag is assigned to a script of its own.The Tag when scanned activates the script that is assigned to it.The script is constructed with few simple statements that opens the web page, writes the user ID and Password in the broom ponding field, and the press the login button.Touchatag reader and Tags The Touchatag reader is connected to the Touchatag server which does the specific task you have assigned it already on the Touchatag Server, and by scanning each tag the specific Tag ID goes to the Server and retrieves the function that is assigned to that specific Tag.Screen ShotsAsp.netDoctor Login Page Figure 13 ASP.netStudent Login Page , with Check Lectures and other PromptsFigure 14 ASP.netVisual Basic ScriptFigure 15 Visual BasicTouchatagFigure 16 TouchatagFigure 17 Figure 18 TouchatagFigure 19 TouchatagTestingSecurityRfid ID tags provided by touchatag have several security measures which include1- Accounts password Ev ery user has a password to access his account in the webpage and the server. This password is created when the user signs up.2- IPs touchatag server changes its IP from time to time to avoid hacking.3- Report Abuse This feature allows any user to report any object or person if they abused them.4- Unique tags ID each tag has a unique tag provided by the tag itself.CopyrightsThe touchatag RFID tags are procure protected and cant be used without a reference from touchatag.Performance TestingEach tag is scanned effortlessly without any problems, the website might crash sometimes but it is restored without any problems.Unit TestingIve tested the tags, they work fine even after being placed in a wallet for more than 6 months and the wear and tear process is slow, and the tags are durable.ConclusionThis project is the first step towards building Jordan University of Science Technology fully automated attendance system JUST administration can take this step further, build on it to reach a better-enhanced project and can add more features and function to staff, officers, and students. Furthermore, the administration can also use this new technology to improve students attendance services and activities.I faced many problems during this project. The first problem is when I have to work in this system alone. Really, this problem gave me a big challenge to complete the project, but with the help of Dr. Qutaiba Al Thebyan, Dr. Qusai Abu Ein, Mrs. Alaa Mestarihi and the department, I could complete it.Finally, RFID tags is the afterlife and every day services now a day require more interaction , but with those tags , many services and jobs can be make effortlessly without the ever getting your hand out of your pocket.

Preparation for Teaching ICT Classes

Preparation for T to each oneing ICT ClassesName Pauline Mulvaney 16212813DescriptionI applied to educate MT118 IT Skills Softw ar Tools for Managers, to first year business undergraduate students in DCU as I would like to lecture in the future and this fits with my PDP. Additionally, I want to break my instauration skills and presenting to a large group on a hebdomadly basis in beneficial.Mark Woods, a direction assistant at DCU interviewed me to valuate my suitability for this position. I had to prove I was competent in Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and Excel and sign a signatory code. The periodical laboratory sessions covered file management, spreadsheets, record and presentation preparation and visualisation tools.I was provided with access to a shared folder on Google Drive containing a list of students, module objectives and lab sheets for each weekly session. I was required to take attendance and update the teaching assistants if there were all issues in my weekly ses sions or if there were students constantly wanting class.Each week I prepared by going through the lab sheet for that week and making notes to en convinced(predicate) we run shortd through the poppycock in a timely manner. I also completed the tasks that students would be required to complete in the class to jibe I could deal with any student issues that many arise in class. This also enabled me to show students what the finished puddle should disembodied spirit like.I was very anxious before the first four-in-handial as I had no experience in teaching such large numbers before. I also get very anxious when oration in search of large groups. I struggled to get my head or so the fact that not so long ago I was the student sitting watching the screen and trying to follow, I overcame this very quickly.I chose to take part in this activity as it links directly to my PDP, in that I hope to lecture at whatever point in the future. The experience gained will help me to achieve this ambition. It also links to the presenting skills and time management competencies as it requires me to present a substantial amount of information and to help students complete the weekly class exercises in a short space of time. Each week in preparation for the class I would complete the class exercise and time myself, noting how long each exercise took and I maintained that pace in class to ensure I had enough time to help students if required.3.1 Week 1Week 1 was an introduction to Microsoft Word. The day before I was collect to present I did a technology check in the lab to ensure my laptop was compatible with the overhead connections. I also spent some time the night before preparing an introductory presentation for the class and also ran through all the exercises as I was a little anxious astir(predicate) bounteous my first tutorial.First impressions last and I was aware that the first few minutes of my initial tutorial was extremely or so-valuable. I made sure I wa s on time (to set up and start) and to put myself at ease, I dressed appropriately and endeavoured to be as open and confident as possible given my anxiousness.The Centre for Teaching and Learning (2014) says first lectures are important. Students should be welcomed, lecturers should clearly introduce themselves, the module and their expectations of students. To promote engagement in students, lecturers should break through enthusiastic and interested in the module and in the students. They should also ensure that they are organised and in control of the technology.I learned that presenting for an hour isnt as difficult as I had imagined. Before this the longest I had presented for was 15 minutes, my voice always cracked and I let my nerves get the mitigate of me, however, after the initial nervousness settled d testify I found myself enjoying the experience. The students were all engaged and I answered any questions they had with ease. I gave them hints and tips I had picked up d uring my own studies and explained how important well formatted documents are and how they can be used to create a good first impression with lecturers during and professionals in the future. I feel its important to link class material to something students can see benefitting them now and in the future.Students should see the value of your module in how you set the context using a relevant problem or example and possibly link the content to a personal research/interests/news story etc. (McGrath, 2014).3.2 Week 2This weeks tutorial focused on PowerPoint, again, I spent some time the night before preparing the required material and completing the exercises to enable me to show students how they should look when complete. I presented two contrasting sets of slides to show students how much more effective a well-structured and thought out presentation looks and to demonstrate the effects of colour in presentations.3.3 Week 3This week we moved onto Excel with an introduction to the bas ics. I was aware that students whitethorn not have used a software industry like Excel in the past and this might be a little more challenging than the old two weeks material. I explained that most of the formatting functions were the same as those used in Word and Excel and went through some basic formulas and formatting exercises.I learned the benefit of having a teaching persona this week. I had a meeting with one of my course lecturers during the week and we discussed my participation in the tutorial fuel pod and his advice to me was to act like a lecturer. come on research has shown that the persona you choose should be related to the event and speech purpose. In creating your public persona, you should consider the speed at which you speak, it should vary to fit your message. call variety in terms of tone, rate and pauses should also be considered as should voice projection, eye contact and gestures (Alberts, 2010).I also assessed my ability to present cognition this wee k. Teaching is characterised by descriptions that focus on presentation, in addition to background emphasis on covering the performance on entry, with the purpose of teaching seen as presenting or conveying knowledge. Thinking back to my undergraduate studies in modules similar to the one Im instructing on my motivation was at times driven by the lecturers instructional ability. I felt I was improving and students appeared to be engaged and had no issues asking questions. I also adopted a lend oneself of walking around the room when students were completing class exercises, this enabled me to see how students were progressing and offer help if trained.3.4 Week 4This week we moved onto medium level exercises and it was by far the most challenging week, not least because the lab sheets had indicated that students had access to spreadsheets that formed the basis of the exercises on Loop, which they didnt. This meant students had to copy the exercise from the overhead and this sever ely impacted my ability to move through the required material and help those struggling with any aspect of the material, of which there were a few. Some students didnt get to finish their exercises and I was conscious that they whitethorn not have fully understood the concepts, I emailed the entire class the files that should have been on Loop and my finished exercises asked them to run through them in their own time and let me know if there was anything they needed me to go over when we next met. I also emailed the teaching assistants and asked them to ensure students had access to the required files in advance for classes in the future.3.5 Week 5I was absent for this class as it was my graduation. I informed the teaching assistants well in advance to ensure they had time to arrange someone to cover and passed on my class attendance list to enable them to take attendance.3.6 Week 6This week had been set parenthesis for revision and to enable students to ask questions in relation t o any material covered in the previous weeks and get help with their continuous assessment litigate for the module. I took this prospect to recap the material from week 4 and week 5 to ensure students had grasped the material covered. I learned that my organize over the previous weeks had been understood and applied to students continuous assessment pieces. It also provided me with an opportunity to show students how to add some finesse to projects.As stated in my PDP, presentation skills are a core competency within the management consultancy field. A clear and logical structure is critical to the effectiveness of your presentation. Not only do you need to walk someone from point A to point B but, along the way, you need to convince them with a data-backed argument (Skills You Need, n.d.). Taking part in this POD has enabled me to develop my presentation skills on a weekly basis and improve my delivery, in addition to helping me overcome presentation anxiety.Jaj Modi (2009), a m anagement advisor with over 15 years experience in the industry lists the following as essential skillsAnalytical and syntheses skills (e.g. the ability to delve into deep data epitome and then synthesise the key messages / so whats)Excellent written communication (to produce Word and PowerPoint reports)Strong PowerPoint presentation creation (essential for developing client presentation packs)Commitment to delivering excellent client service (i.e. the desire to put in the long hours when you have to ensure a quality deliverable for the client)Excellent literal communication skills (e.g. being able to communicate in a structured manner during internal and external meetings)Excellent team skills- successful consultants can work in diverse teams, under tight deadlines, to deliver quality work for clientsHighly organised days may include various activities. The ability to schedule and follow through with these activities is vitalParticipation in this POD has helped me develop and ho ne many of these skills. In particular, my PowerPoint creation and verbal communication skills. It was Seneca a roman type philosopher that said While we teach, we learn and in teaching this module I feel I have further enhanced my PowerPoint skills. Having to stand in front of a large group on a weekly basis has greatly improved my ability to communicate in a structured manner.When I applied to be a tutor for this POD, I didnt realise how important leadership would be to my role. Most successful tasks require leadership. Within this role, I was twain a leader and follower. I learned from the teaching assistants, whilst also working to motivate and help the students. In the past I have studied disaster and relationship leadership theories to enable me to become a successful leader. Throughout the semester, I found myself relying on the behavioural and situational theories in addition to those previously mentioned. low (1985) transformational leadership theory focuses on the idea t hat leaders motivate and inspire by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. His work is an extension Burns (1978) transforming leadership theory, Bass explained the psychological mechanisms that underlie transforming and transactional leadership. He also explained how transformational leadership could be measured, in addition to, how it impacts follower motivation and performance.I thoroughly enjoyed interacting with the students over the six weeks. I endeavoured to link class material to their assignments and future careers. I also sent out emails to remind students about weekly CAs and for larger assignments. I always included reasons as to why these assignments are important. For example, I reminded the students that the weekly quizzes individually amounted to a few small marks that may seem insignificant but when they are graded collectively they can increase or decrease overall grades significantly. I am of the opinion that giving students an under standing of how important their individual pieces of work is to their overall grade will help them motivate them to do their assignments.I would consider emotional and intellectual limit to be two very important factors for me in a career and this was shown to be true in the personality tests undertaken for a previous NGM assignment. Having had the opportunity to tutor a class I can see that it is about much more than showing up and completing a series of tasks. You get the opportunity to make a difference in a students life. Unlike my previous career in hospitality where you cater to the needs of customers who dont necessarily appraise the work you are doing.Each week I left the class with a huge sense of personal pride, satisfaction and increasing confidence. The role also requires you to cover knowledgeable and academically inclined it is intellectually and mentally stimulating.It was an interesting experience to be on the other side of a class, it has definitely made me appr eciate the work that goes into putting together a large lecture hall style class.In this case, it will be both action and application. The experience gained through this POD has already enabled me to get pay tutoring in another academic institution. I am also currently waiting to hear back from DCU regarding paid tutoring on another undergraduate course. I might not have had the confidence of experience required to secure paid work from this but for my participation. My self-efficacy beliefs and issuing expectations have definitely improved over the last five months.I am also hoping to build on my presentation skills over the coming months. The weekly presentations helped build my confidence and I am currently considering Toastmasters to help me maintain this confidence.ReferencesAlberts, J.K. (2010) Communication in Society Communication, Written communication. Available at https//catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205627870.pdf (Accesse d 24 January 2017).Bass, B.M. (1985) Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Available at http//web.a.ebscohost.com.dcu.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=6dcc4b97-dc83-43f9-89d5-b93a62e9eff2%40sessionmgr4010vid=1hid=4206 (Accessed 24 January 2017).Burns, J.M. (1978) Leadership, Leadership, 1(1), pp. 11-12. doi 10.1177/1742715005049347.Linder, C. and Kung, R.L. (2010) An exploratory study into the complexity of relations between physics lecturers crafting of practice and students expectations of quality teaching, Instructional Science, 39(4), pp. 513-526. doi 10.1007/s11251-010-9136-3.McGrath, K. (2014) Guidelines for engaging students. Available at http//www3.ul.ie/ctl/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20for%20Engaging%20Students_0.pdf (Accessed 24 January 2017).Modi, R. (2009) Develop essential Skillset for strategy consulting strategic support for investors, businesses and entrepreneurs. Available at http//www.strategyexpert.com/categories/consultingskills (Accessed 24 January 2017).Skills You Need (2011) Commercial awareness. Available at http//www.skillsyouneed.com/general/commercial-awareness.html (Accessed 24 January 2017).

Teacher Unions Effects Upon Education. Essay -- Education, Teachers T

When originally created, teacher unions were a noble cause meant to prevent teachers from being taken advantage of. Fight from the beginning, teachers unions and schools have been in conflict over several issues. Now though, as a result schools eagerness to cut courts, along with the unions unwillingness to allow teachers to be fired, the student is becoming collateral damage. This conflict that exists between the teachers unions and school administration must be resolved through mediation, focus on students, and stronger laws to prevent teachers suing districts. At one point, America had schools that it was proud of. There are many areas where teachers and school unions will likely never see eye to eye the school districts commit the student as their primary concern, and the teachers unions place the teachers as their primary concern. Just as Joel Klein once said, You can never appreciate how irrational the system is until youve lived it. (Qtd. in Brill, 30 ).Michelle Rhee, f ormer chancellor of the Washington D.C. schools said tenure is the holy grail of teachers unions (Qtd. In Dillon, 1) teacher unions treat tenure as one of their closely prized possessions because it is, tenure is and always will be vitally important towards the goal of the union. The tenure system offers teachers, who have been teachers for longer times (typically 2-3 long time), the assurance that they will non unjustly lose their jobs. Why then, does the tenure system protect these teachers? The simple answer is that the tenure system protects the majority of teachers, and that is what the union wants. The tenure system is noncurrent Michelle Rhee is a former chancellor of globe schools in Washington. She made drastic changes to the schooling system... ... protecting these teachers and would not allow the school to rid of them. It appears that when a fraternity wished for a legal matter to be expedited, they have no problems expediting it, however when the school is in favo r of the legal issue, it takes between two and five years for cases to be heard by an arbitrator (Brill, 3). When you consider the thing that teachers are callable of doing with the protection of tenure, it is surprising that the number of fired tenured teachers is so small. Our public schooling system needs to develop a backbone we need to stand up for what we know must be changed. No longer should teachers wassail benefits and pensions limited only to the teaching profession. No other occupation offers tenure and benefits, and pensions as does teaching. Thats because the other occupations have long since eliminated those as a cost saving measure.

Communism Vs Democracy :: Communism Essays

Communism is an original system of society, quite different from Democracy in many ways. While total majority rule is not widely spread, many forms of it atomic number 18 prosperous throughout the world today. One of the first and major differences between a Communist and Democratic governing is their contrary economic systems. In a communist government, the community owns the major resources and means of production. The goal of such a system is to prevent any iodin person or group of people from becoming radically rich, while others are extremely poor. The system attempts to eliminate lower class by equilibrize the wealth between rich and poor, therefore giving everyone equal pay and ownership. Unfortunately, this results in an increased lower class. However, in a Democracy, leave office enterprising is permitted, and smiled upon. ? Here, free enterprising helps the economy to flourish. People can organize their own businesses and receive their own profits if it succeeds, or d ebts if it fails. In this system, the harder a person works, the more silver they receive, allowing them to make ends meet. The downside to democracy is that people can get a high paying job through education, but may work just as hard at a lower paying job and receive less money. As Winston Churchill once said, "The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal manduction of blessings the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries." Generally, Democracys seem be more successful economically.In a democracy, money is the close dominant incentive. On the contrary, in a communist government, a person can work a million times harder than the person sitting bordering to him, and receive equal pay. This results in no incentive on the part of the worker whatsoever. When there is nothing to achieve by working harder, people frame slothful, which does little good for a countrys economy. In virtually attempts, past and present, communism has failed economically, whereas democracies have a commendable success rate.Communism is most widely taken up by Third World countries striving for national independence and sudden social change (Russia, Cuba, and Northern Korea). Forms of democracy however, are usually exercised by countries, which have a long-range goal to succeed, or improve economically (Britain, U.S.A.). Most widely first heard of through Friedrich Engels and Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, communism hasnt been around nearly as long as democracy, which is first known to have existed in the city-states of ancient Greece and Rome.