Effects of Video Games on the Mind Essay

Not only do video games affect children, social skills and addiction, they affect the brain and our actions. How many times have you gotten killed in a video game and gripped the controller so hard it almost broke. Researcher Eleni Kardaras studied two boys playing a competitive game. The younger boy wins, while the older boy gets furious and kicks him over. These are some of the actions we portray while playing video games Professor Akio Mori conducted a survey of people playing video games. Mori monitored the beta waves that indicate liveliness and tension in the prefrontal region. These results show a higher decrease of beta waves that play video games. Tests show that the beta waves were at zero, which indicate low use of the prefrontal regions in the brain. This led to many people in the survey becoming angry and found it harder to concentrate. Many of us take out our frustrations and stress through aggression and anger. An example of this is the columbine-shooting incident in Colorado. Two students took the precious lives of many and eventually taking their own. Evidence and research shows the two students were infatuated with video games, especially a shooting game called shoot em up. Aside from this there are other forms like competition and an urge to win. However video games can teach us to control our emotions. I remember as a kid I use to always hear the myth that video games kill brain cells and can make a hole in your brain. Studies show that playing video games do not kill brain cells; however playing extensively makes the brain slow to a halt, registering low alpha wave readings. Playing video games can be seen as being unproductive, the time spent playing on video games could be spent studying or doing outdoor activities. It also can affect social skills, which we already talked about. Aside from the negatives aspects video games have on the mind, some may argue that playing games can sharpen the mind. Fast pace games like GTA and Need for speed deliver excitement and agile movements in controlling the players to think quickly. Many soldiers that have constantly played video games were better at processing information and identifying objects.

Death Penalty in India Essay

Short Essay on the Capital Punishment in India – Capital punishment has been a matter of debate for long now, and across the world public opinion is, by and large, in favour of abolishing it, as it is increasingly seen as a barbaric measure to check crime. Modern abolitionist jurists are of the view that if killing is wrong, no amount of legal or social sanction can make it right. If it is wrong for a man to kill another man, so it is even for the State to do. Besides, citing statistics, they argue that capital punishment has had no visible effect as a deterrent and has utterly failed to bring in a dip in the number of murders, which, according to them, makes capital punishment completely useless. Why kill the killers when it helps none and nothing, seems to be the belief. To them, capital punishment is a barbarous measure of no avail that has its place in the annals of history and not in modern statute books. Abolition of death penalty is largely seen as a step in the interest of human dignity in line with Article 5 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and its protocol in 1989, besides, of course, Article 3 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on December 10, 1948 and Article 21 of our own Constitution. The arguments on the side of the retentionists are equally strong. However, in India the Supreme Court has made death penalty applicable only to the rarest of rare cases – the cases where the act is no less than shocking to human conscience. The landmark cases where the death sentences were awarded in India are Ranga Billa case, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi Assassination case, Laxman Nayak case and most recently in 2004 Hatab case of West Bengal where accused Dhananjoy Chatterjee was hanged on 14 August, 2004, on his birthday, after Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence awarded by the lower courts. The President also declined his plea for pardon. In the year 2003 government laid a Bill in the Parliament, which proposed to add a provision of death penalty in Drugs and Cosmetics Act. After the new government came in power in June 2004, President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam suggested that Parliament should consider the abolition of death sentence altogether.

Genetically Modified Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Research Paper Example However, despite the perceived benefits of reengineering foods, debates have ensued on the safety of genetically modified foods with critics arguing that such food could pose health risks to human beings. This essay expounds on genetically modified foods. Researchers have identified that people’s choice of consuming such foods is influenced by attitudes, pragmatic considerations, and personal circumstances. Although some people desist from GM products with no facts, researchers have identified that the foodstuffs may have some negative effects. The effects touch on environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic consequences. For instance, some of the genetically modified crops have caused damage to other organisms. Genetically modified foods may also cause allergy to some people that may be fatal (Forman, 2010). There have been cases of allergy development in children across Europe and the United States to foods such as peanuts. The process of establishing GM foods and the eventual presentation to the market has been long with substantial use of resources. Researchers and consumer advocates have claimed that this may lead to unbearable seed prices. Genetically modified foods have numerous advantages. For example, genetically modified foods are resistant to cold and plants, such as tobacco, strawberries, and potato have been modified to be resistant to frost by the introduction of the antifreeze gene. The antifreeze genes enable plants withstand the low temperatures, thus allowing crop production to take place throughout the year (Edwards, 2010). Nutritional improvement is another positive aspect of genetically modified foods. The genetic modification of foods is appropriate because food like rice, which is a common diet in most countries could be modified genetically and supply the essential nutrients that will enable individuals feed on a balanced diet. This will also aid in

Counterintelligence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counterintelligence - Case Study Example Nations vital information, infrastructure, military forces and a wide range of U.S. interests, technologies and personnel around the world can be put in jeopardy if the intelligence fails Counterintelligence agencies should review their operations to identify efforts by terrorists to penetrate or manipulate the United States. They should also assess how key foreign intelligence services advance or obstruct U.S. efforts to fight terrorism and counter those activities that are hostile. Each U.S. agency or department should devise computer-based counterintelligence against foreign-government and private-sector hackers. Moreover, counterspy agencies need to "act jointly to understand, confound, manipulate and thwart" intelligence threats, and "when necessary, they should disrupt these activities through arrest and expulsion. 5. The struggle against terrorism is multidimensional. This means that it has a wide scope and importance, and many factors influence the problem. What are the various dimensions of the problem of fighting

Chile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chile - Essay Example Chile was marred with a lot of Europeanization and institutionalization of political parties. (Lederman, Daniel, 27) The ideological gaps were subsequently filled by the emergence of those organizations that were determined to do away with the ideologies of Gen. Augusto Pinochet Urgarte. Rather than been involved into political parties through the ideologist, the Chilean systematically found themselves involved with democratization specifically the working class. Study reveal that the appearance of populism was systematic and always did that in partial form. Mostly it came about through leadership style, as a redistributive program or as a multiclass collision. Several individuals have been associated with the move from populism to social democratization. One of these individuals was Arturo Alessandri Palma, particularly through his role, where he pioneered a demagogic crusade among the working class promising them of redemption. Alesandri eventually managed to be the president of Chile where he advanced the democratic socialism among the masses. (Lederman, Daniel, 40) In 1938, Carlos Ibanez got to power with the Chilean Nazis, also known as National Social Movement. Ibanez had managed to bring populist together, which was later utilized by Frei of Christian Democratic

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Paper Example Computers manufactured with the ultimate objective of green conservation are manufactured in a way that reduces the energy used and produced and the emission to the atmosphere (Young 230). As previously mentioned, green cpomputing also refers to the practice of manufacturing computing equipment that will increase the efficiency of the machine. This is done by manufacturing smaller computers that use less energy, has more integration of it parts, uses easily disposable parts and emits less transmission. The central processing units that conform to green computing standards are smaller, faster and more energy efficient that older computers. As already mentioned, the ultimate goal of green computing is energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. The process of green computing benefits the environment in three main ways (Young 234). The first way is that less emissions are made to the environment from the hardware used, which is achieved by using material that do not emit harmful substances. The second benefit to the environment is that the products from green computing can be disposed of safely to the environment. Before the advent of green computing, the waste products from the IT field posed serious detriments t the environment. This is because these products were not biodegradable, and the harm caused to the environment was immeasurable. However, with the advent of green computing comes the third benefit, that of biodegradability and sustainability. The products used to manufacture green computing IT solutions can be disposed of without any worry of harmful emissions or releases to the environment. The running of the computers made in green computing standards also benefits the environment. As already mentioned, the goals of green computing is to make products that emit less to the environment, are energy friendly, and use as little resources as possible (Young 234). The green computing process ensures that the machinery used is safe for the environment , in that it releases minimal emissions to the environment and uses minimal energy. This means that the operation of green computing solutions is beneficial to the environment in its operations. One of the most common terms in the conservation field is the carbon footprint, which refers to the total emissions of greenhouse gases and material that an entity makes during its lifetime (Roorda 31). Greenhouse emissions are hard to measure through the lifetime of an entity, so it is measured by considering the carbon dioxide emitted by an entity, either an individual or company or organization. The greenhouse gas equivalent of an individual is measured to determine the carbon footprint of the entity. The reduction of the carbon print in green computing is aimed at one major factor, which is reducing the carbon footprint to zero in machines that comply with green computing requirements (Roorda 131). This is done by ensuring that the IT equipment used uses as little energy as possible, and emits as little carbon dioxide s possible. This ensures that the ecological benefit of green computing is measurable, as defined by the Kyoto Protocol. In 1992, a program was developed to measure the standards of products

Short-term obligations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short-term obligations - Essay Example It is evident from the study that businesses apply a variety of ways to finance their short term obligations. The obligations are outstanding payments that are to be made but outweigh organization’s current assets. As a result, external sources are the only available options for offsetting the liabilities. One off the approaches to financing ‘short-term’ obligation is the use of trade creditors. Creditors are entities that are owed money by the organization for goods delivered or services offered to the company. They occur when benefits are received but no consideration is transferred. The effect of trade creditors is that they allow for retention of cash and cash equivalence within the organization. The cash that would have been paid to the creditors can then be used as a source of finance to ‘short-term’ obligation. ‘Short term’ obligations can also be financed through ‘short term’ loans. Banks and other financial instituti ons offer financial services that an organization can use for financing its current liabilities. There exists a wide variety of ‘short term’ loans. Unsecured loans as well as loans that are offered upon guarantee are examples of available options from the financial institutions. â€Å"Revolving line of credit† is another possible option for financing the ‘short term’ obligations. The arrangement in which a bank agrees to offer specified amount of money to an enterprise on a renewable term provides availability of funds as may be needed by an organization. This is because once an arrangement is made for the revolving fund; the company is assured of obtaining it in case of need. (Worldacademy, n.d., 1; Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2011, 577). Factoring is another suitable approach to financing ‘short term’ obligations. This is defined as the transfer of rights over debtors to a third party for finances. The arrangement involves a form of sale of debtors’ accounts to another entity that will then offer money based on the accounts receivables balances and the risks involved in the accounts. The transaction also offers money for offsetting ‘short term’ obligations. Other possible methods of financing ‘

Introduce the telescope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduce the telescope - Essay Example The computerized object locator is thus gives the IntelliScope Dobsonian telescope a ‘brain.’ This object locator is equipped with an LCD display screen that shows information about the object selected, including the type of the object, common name and magnitude. The computerized object locator works by first plugging it into the base of the IntelliScope Dobsonian telescope (computerized controller port). The object locator is then powered on and the telescope is pointed vertically. The user will align the IntelliScope on two different stars. Once the IntelliScope is aligned, the user selects an object to be viewed from the menu buttons. These menu buttons allow for the selection of the objects based on type or catalog number. Once the desired object has been identified, the user presses the Enter button on the locator. The LCD screen of the object locator will display arrow-based directions that help the user to adjust or train the telescope to the selected object. Once the telescope has been trained to the desired object, the object becomes available for magnified observation. This is a good telescope I can recommend to anyone. First, the computerized object locator has a big database that allows the user to choose from a wide range of objects to view. Secondly, by using this telescope, the process of locating and observing these objects is easy because of the computerized object locator. Therefore, the telescope can be used even by those people who are new to telescopes. Finally, since the telescope allows for faster viewing of objects, a user can view many objects in a given

Critical Perspectives on Management and Organisations Essay

Critical Perspectives on Management and Organisations - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to highlight the groupthink implications, which could easily be pointed out as one of the reasons leading to the crisis. The decisions were either taken alone or by the group in totality, but if the decisions taken are imperfect, then outcomes have huge implications on the society. This study discusses the way in which Janis’ theory of groupthink can be linked to the space shuttle disaster. Groupthink can be described as a psychological process of the group members, where people end up taking an erroneous decision that affects them adversely. This implies that the group unanimously takes a decision, despite the existence of another correct course of action. The proponent of this theory is Irving Janis and his researches show that, at times, group of individuals takes successful decisions and at other times, they are unsuccessful. The root cause for failing to analyse the problem comes from the inability of group members to challenge the traditional understanding. This is because they feel empowered if all members agree to a certain perspective (even if it is erroneous) and fails to provide alternative, critique or a new opinion. This essay will first establish a thorough understanding of the groupthink theory and various critiques that has been proposed by other eminent researchers. The next section deals with application of the groupthink theory on the Challenger space shuttle disaster. This is followed by an alternative theory developed by Whyte in order to explain the Challenger disaster. The recommendations and conclusion are mentioned in the last section. Firstly, the managers of NASA were fully aware of flaws in the design of Morton Thiokol’s O-ring. NASA had tried to underplay the problem at hand and the managers decided to stay on schedule. There were also evidences that data, which was provided to the Group Decision Support System (GDSS) of NASA from Thiokol, had declared that it would be safe to launch the mission.

An analysis into the Biblical Story of Jonah Research Paper

An analysis into the Biblical Story of Jonah - Research Paper Example As a further means of understanding these complexities, this brief research paper will delve into the determinants of the story of Jonah and seek to find the most compelling and powerful comparisons and references to other Biblical concepts as can be found. The first aspect of the story of Jonah that bears mention is the time period in which tit took place. As anyone who has a modicum of understanding with regards to the nation of ancient Israel can readily attest, the nation was one that soon became drunk on their own â€Å"chosen† status. Whereas it was indeed iterated by God time and again throughout the Old Testament that He had set them aside as a people and that they were indeed his most believed among all the earth, the underlying purpose for this was all too often forgotten or missed entirely by the shareholders and religious leadership within the country. Instead of seeking to integrate an understanding of appreciation and humility for such an honored space in all of the nations of the earth, the nation of Israel developed an overtly haughty and arrogant posture that understood the blessing to mean that all other nations should bow at their feet as they were the gifted and blessed of the Almighty (Hamel, 1995). This was a fundamental error due to the fact that God ultimately intended this blessing to cause a type of leadership among the nations of the earth. By providing the nation of Israel with such a benevolent gift of superiority and love, it was the intention that they would then take these gifts, or talents, and utilize them as a witness unto all of the other nations and peoples; showing the manner in which God’s love and affection could present one of the greatest gifts that mankind had ever seen. However, as can be seen through various stories, inclusive of the story of Jonah, the extent to which this ideal was actually realized was all but non-existent. Instead, the nation of Israel turned to an arrogant interpretation of Godâ₠¬â„¢s blessings and began to hoard their status; requiring constant exile and humiliation to seek to re-integrate with them the present need to be a missionary nation – a beacon to the world. Jonah exhibits much the same arrogance with regards to God’s directive to speak to the people of Nineveh. This aspect of calling and rebellion is not only a central theme to the story of Jonah but also to the way in which humanity ultimately relates to the presence and voice of God within Christianity. This again strikes at the very concept of truth and the means by which an individual integrates with this. Although there are many different means to interpret many theological theories and passage of the Bible, the story of Jonah does not leave one with a great deal of leeway with regards to the means by which it can be interpreted. Ultimately, a man is met with the difficult requirements that God insists must be carried out, the man then decides that the commands are nonsensical a nd ridiculous and thereby shirks the responsibility, then necessitates a chain of actions to be brought down

Lessons Form the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Lessons Form the Classroom Essay A. I think my main strength is that I like interacting with people. In my career thus far I have worked in multi-disciplinary teams, made daily presentations and managed teams so working with people is natural and comfortable for me. I’m friendly, inclusive and approachable. I think this is an asset that will carry me far as a teacher. I have experienced teachers who were intimidating and I found it detrimental to my learning. I want my students to feel comfortable to ask me anything, repeat anything, or explain anything. I think that as time progresses in the classroom I’ll be able to develop good relationships with the students where they feel safe and uninhibited. I am naturally and therefore normally well organised and prepared which I think is a key skill in ELT. At my university induction lecture the speaker said ‘fail to plan, and plan to fail’ which I think was valuable advice and which has stuck with me. Planning my lessons appropriately helps me to better understand what I’m teaching, embeds it in my mind so I’m more confident in delivering it and helps me to predict possible problems and their solutions. I think that as my confidence and skills grow I will be able to compose highly detailed lesson plans that will deliver my objectives. I am a creative person and like devising innovative approaches to problems. I like to challenge the standard to create new ways of doing things. The results have engaged and generated new perspectives. I hope this will translate well into the classroom where I can devise games and exercises that will appeal to the students and accelerate their learning. As my confidence, knowledge and skills develop I plan to combine my own methods into my teaching. My main weakness is my inability to express grammar rules and understand grammatical terminology such as ‘present continuous’. Although my primary school was strict with grammar, punctuation and spelling, we were not taught the labels of grammar terms beyond the basics of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. So whilst I can speak and write sentences that are clear and grammatically correct I am finding the terminology challenging. As an English language teacher this is obviously something that I need to remedy as soon as possible! I am studying several grammar reference books from the suggested reading list and using mind mapping to help me understand and learn the rules. I remind myself that I already know the grammar rules I just don’t know that I know them! I have never used an interactive white board (IWB) before and have historically been reluctant to embrace new technology so I have not made full use of it as yet. As the teachers have used the IWB extensively in classes I have seen how convenient and flexible it is. I am keen to address this challenge as I believe it will be enormously beneficial to me in the classroom and therefore improve and accelerate my learners’ experiences. I am going to take advantage of break times to practise using it to build my confidence and then set myself a deadline to incorporate it into a lesson. I am sure that after using it in a few lessons I will feel more composed and will easily integrate it into classes. I would like to improve my ability to communicate with the students in a more concise and succinct way. I have found that my instructions have been too complicated and lengthy and thus caused confusion. As well as cultivating this skill I’m going to try to integrate more gestures, demonstrations and pictures to resolve the issue. My research has produced a checklist for communication, (concise, concrete, clear, correct, coherent, complete), which I will use to test my instructions going forward. B. I have been impressed with the eliciting skills of the Celta teachers. In particular James Johnson has been demonstrating how to proficiently organise materials and structure questions to draw out desired responses. He is adept at posing questions that produce the target language or lexis. His seamless ability has demonstrated how effective this technique is in encouraging the students to think for themselves rather than simply giving them the answer, keeping them alert and assessing their language level as well as understanding of the concept being taught. In this way he truly engages with the students and thus his lessons are memorable. This is a very unnatural communication for me so to be able to smoothly incorporate this skill into my teaching would be a triumph for me. All of the teachers have a very calm, confident and charming disposition, which pervades the classroom. They are clearly highly skilled and experienced, which generates trust. I think these qualities are fundamental for effective learning. These qualities seem to be intrinsic to the instructors but I’m hoping that over time I will ripen or at least acquire the ability to convey a fraction of this demeanour. C. When I have completed my Celta training I will be just at the beginning of my career so continuing professional development will be paramount to consolidate what I’ve learned so far, keep my skills up to date, learn new and different techniques from other teachers and experts, and keep abreast of industry trends. I love learning and developing myself and regularly take classes, workshops and courses for fun and personal development as well as career development, so I am highly motivated to continue my ELT development. My research has made me aware of various online communities, which could be a great way to exchange ideas. I also intend to stay in touch with my peers on the course so we can continue to learn together, share experiences, ideas, problems and solutions.

Approaches On Factors Affecting Self Employment Commerce Essay

Approaches On Factors Affecting Self Employment Commerce Essay There are diverse approaches and theories to the factors affecting self-employment efforts of individuals. Lambing and Kuehl have pointed out personality traits, cultural influence, economic conditions and the combination of these factors as the major factors influencing self employment. Other authors like Saini and Rathore (2001:5-6) argue that social, religious and cultural, psychological, political, and economic policies are the main factors affecting self employment. Another approach to the factors affecting self employment is described in a more summarized way by Khanka (2004:33-37). These factors are economic aspect, noneconomic aspects and government measures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The economic aspects comprise of capital, inputs and the market; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The non-economic factors are the social and political circumstances such as social mobility, security and psychological factors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Government measures and actions comprise issues such as economic and industrial policies and strategies which influence both the above factors. There are countless approaches to analyzing the factors affecting self employments, nevertheless the in one way or another, it seems they are all saying the same thing in different words. Regardless of their dissimilarity of treating the individual factors, they are harmonizing to each other. So much so that the major factors affecting self-employment schemes can be classified into various aspects such as support system factors, personal traits, government policies, and socio-cultural factors. Personality Trait Factors These are a set of aspects related to an individuals personality either inborn or learned which determine an individuals profession. The argument over learned or unlearned (inborn) character traits is endless in that a consensus has not been reached yet among scholars. When it comes to entrepreneurs, Lambing and Kuehl (2000:16) argue that entrepreneurs have an innate unique personality which cannot be taught. Schumpeter (in Deakins, 1999:11) holds the same idea Lambing and Kuehl (2000). This implies that the personality of entrepreneurs is inborn and learning has minor influence in becoming an entrepreneur. On the contrary, many authors, like Peter Drucker (in Lambing and Kuehl, 2000:15), believe that socio-cultural influences (learned traits) are sources of entrepreneurial personality. Kirzner also promotes that any one has the potential to be entrepreneur and he/she appears and operates within set production constraints (Deakins, 1999:11). Both ideas imply that, everyone having the inherited traits, environmental exposures are determinant factors of entrepreneurial qualities. However, still many others accept that both sources (nature and nurture) equally contribute to the individuals entrepreneurial personality. Thus, in this study, the researcher prefers to have the stand with the third group believing both factors have their own share of contribution to the entrepreneurial personality. According to Lambing and Kuehl (2000:16), whether entrepreneurial tendencies exist at birth or developed as the person matures, certain traits are usually evident in those who achieve success. Socio-Cultural Factors These set of factors focus on such aspects as values, norms, beliefs, family and community entrepreneurial traditions, societal attitude, etc. It is considered in terms of social behavioral approaches, which stresses the influence of the social environment. It has been identified that different cultures have varying values and believes (Lambing and Kuehl, 2000:18-19). That is, some culture encourages entrepreneurship whereas others discourage, some promotes achievement whereas others give low value to entrepreneurship. For example, the Japanese have been known to have an achievementoriented culture which helps entrepreneurs persist until they succeed. That is, they give high value to entrepreneurship and encourage entrepreneurs to succeed. With respect to this, McClelland (Deakins, 1999: 18) has identified that the historical role models influence of heroes on subsequent generation induced a high motive of achievement on the population. On the contrary, in some cultures, entrepreneur ship may be conceived as an occupation for low self-esteemed persons. For example, it is well described in Lelissa (2006:17) and UNESCO (2002:132) the negative social image held on the TVET program which discourages entrepreneurial ideas of TVET graduates (this will be discussed further in this section later). The entrepreneurial tradition of the family has the most significant impact on the early development of entrepreneurial personality. Young (in Batra, 2003:26) maintains that entrepreneurial activity is generated by a particular family background and experience as a member of certain kinds of group and as a reflection of general cultural values. In respect to this, Saini and Rathore (2001:5-6) described that entrepreneurial traditions of the family as well as the community are important factors within which the entrepreneur grows and internalizes the values and norms. In addition, Batra and Dangwal (2003:13) have stated that caste and community are the most important socio-cultural determinants of entrepreneurial supply and performance. With regard to societal attitudes, the TVET program itself is victim of negative image held by the society in Ethiopia. According to a research finding (Lelissa, 2006:17), it has been discovered that trainees of TVET institutions are considered as low achievers or failures of grade ten (national examination) students who are forced to attend TVET which discourages the potentially motivated students. This image of the society at large and the view of the graduates in particular is a barrier to have confidence and envision in their vocational career in general and starting new venture in particular. That is, the graduates feel inferior of their friends who joined the degree program and strive for higher education after a period of wage employment service which is a government requirement as a path way to higher education. This path way may force the TVET graduates to work on a paid employment for the sake of getting a two-year work experience which is levied by the government policy as a requirement. The negative images has been found to be global that a UNESCO monograph on perceived status of TVET stated as TVET is often seen as a poor alternative to university or college courses, and the career paths resulting from TVET programs are often seen as less desirable as far as the career success of young people is concerned (Hiebert and Borgen in UNESCO, 2002:132). Thus, the graduates are highly occupied by the drive to achieve higher education opportunity rather than thinking of job creation (self-employment). Demographic factors such as gender may also contribute to graduates entrepreneurial success as a result of the influence of backward social and cultural environment. Though in the relatively long past times women are confined in the four walls of houses performing household activities, currently they are emerging as successful entrepreneurs (Khanka, 2004:18). This is due to educational equity and technological advancement that helped women to come out of the four-wall confinement and enabled them currently to run their own enterprises successfully. Likewise, religion as one component of social factors, the performance of individual entrepreneurs is directly or indirectly inspired by religious ideas (Khanka, 2004: 14). That is, in some religions high profit and interests are considered as a sin deeds. Thus, the social and cultural environment at which the entrepreneur emerged is important source of entrepreneurship as well as entrepreneurial personality. Government Policies and Ations Under this category, factors that influence entrepreneurial success include governments economic and industrial policies, trade laws and legitimacy, promotion of free market, individual freedom, economic stability, introduction of new technology, etc. The economic and political environment includes various factors that either facilitate or inhibit the would-be entrepreneur the undertaking of a business venture which are necessary conditions for the success of the business. Among the economic factors lack of capital, working place, facilities and market are at the forefront. The week availability of credit services and the very limited accessibility of financial institutions is a barrier to start a new venture. A World Bank report (2005) has identified that some of the graduates are not interested to be self-employed due to lack of capital, lack of training and lack of national policy which favored self-employment. The problem of capital and inadequate provision of micro-credit services are therefore central to the TVET graduates to start new micro and/or small enterprises. Hence, government economic policies which encourage new entrepreneurs in the provision of credits, availability of facilities, presence of technical assistance (consulting personnel), establishment of entrepreneurial incubation centers, facilitation of infrastructures, arrangement of working places and market are some of them just to mention few. With respect to the policy that favors new entrepreneurs, the training areas (sectors) affect the extent to which graduates are self-employed. That is, in relation to the governments 70/30 (hard/soft skills) proportion training direction, soft skill training s such as business fields may not be benefitted from incentives and encouragements. There is a tendency to discourage soft skills (occupations) training areas and, as a result, low access to the opportunities to soft skills graduates, as experiences of entrepreneurial efforts of the soft skills graduates showed. In this regard, for example, an attempt of establishing a small firm on auditing service by accounting graduates was inhibited by a concerned governments Audit Office until related guideline is prepared but not realized and the graduates effort has been discouraged so that the group was banned. In addition, with respect to government actions and policies favoring new entrepreneurs, economic regulations and taxation benefits are also important factors. Political stability, freedom of entrepreneurs, promotion of free market, absence of corruption, guarantee of security, etc. are also influential factors connected to the political environment (Dollinger, 1999:57). Support System Services Factors related to available support services include a number of services such as the quality of training institutions, on the job training provision of companies, financial and commercial institutions, research findings, entrepreneurial personnel support, consultancy services, etc. These support services have their share to the success of TVET graduates in venture creation efforts. Some scholars generally assume that entrepreneurs are born and support services are less important. However, it is proved that with the right type of training, follow up support and assistance, one can develop oneself as an entrepreneur (Batra, 2003:35). It is clear that the latent potentials can be cultivated and developed through wellconceived and integrated type of training including entrepreneurial skills. With this respect, Batra has stated that the right type of entrepreneurial training helps to identify and develop the natural, inherent and potential virtues of the human being which are lying dorm ant. From this we understand that the type and quality of training offered in a TVET institution is vital for the TVET graduates entrepreneurial venture. Institutions (schools) with exciting courses in entrepreneurship and innovation tend to develop entrepreneurs and an entrepreneurial environment (Hisrich Peters, 2002:13). This shows that the institutions ability to equip the trainees with the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude paves the way to the idea of entrepreneurship and realization of a venture. In relation to the role of training, the quality of trainers in their entrepreneurial skills and awareness about the expected output (entrepreneurial capability of graduates) is also one pivotal input. Encouragement to self-employment is further stimulated by trainers (teachers), who can significantly influence individuals to regard entrepreneurship as a desirable and viable career path (Hisrich Peters, 2002:13). In addition to the trainers role for the entrepreneurial development of the trainees in training institutions, career guidance and counseling support is another contributing component of the quality of the TVET graduates. Hiebert and Borgen (in UNESCO, 2002:131) have well stated that guidance and counseling services are essential for the goals of TVET to be fully realized and that they should for that reason be fully integrated with all TVET programming. These services should be provided beginning at the time of enrollment in orienting their occupational choice, inculcating positive attitude through out their training and showing direction of their career path through the provision of career information including entrepreneurship. Another aspect of education and training background of the entrepreneur is experience of a previous business. This experience may be expressed in terms of any kind of exposure to a business environment be it free service ( practices in the form of apprenticeship or internship) or wage employment for a specific period of time. Some graduates choose wage employment because they acquire experiences without incurring cost such as know how to run a business, identify the way in which things operate in a business environment, learn skills of leadership and coordination, had a network of contacts, etc. In this respect, a research finding (Lambing Kuehl, 2000:90) in a survey on source of business ideas of 500 successful entrepreneurs revealed that most of them (nearly half) (43%) of the respondents said they got the idea for their business from the experience they gained while working for wage in the same industry or profession. Therefore, it is clear that work integrated training methods such as apprenticeship, internship, cooperative training and free practice programs are of paramount importance. In addition to the above factors, support services such as financial and commercial institutions, micro and small enterprise development personnel support, consultancy services, research findings, etc., have their own role for the entrepreneuri

Pathophysiology of sepsis | Case Study

Pathophysiology of sepsis | Case Study Thomas, a 70-year-old man, admitted to hospital with a five-day history of coughing with yellow-green sputum, pyrexia, rigors, poor appetite, mild chest pain and increasing difficulty of breathing. The initial observations are: Neurological: Altered neurological status, GCS 11/15. Agitated and confused. Cardiovascular: Sinus tachycardia, HR 135bpm. Hypotension, 90/45 mmHg. Respiratory: Tachypnoeic, RR 35bpm. Decreased saturation while receiving 6L O2 through Hudson mask. Metabolic: Febrile, 39 degree Renal: Oliguric with 20ml/hr urine output. Indwelling catheter (IDC) was inserted. The blood test revealed that the patient was suffering from hypernatremia, hyperkalaemia, hyperglycaemia, elevated urea, poor creatinine, increased WCC and low platelet count. The ABG indicated that Thomas was experiencing combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Thomas was finally diagnosed as sepsis complicated by the right middle lobe streptococcus pneumonia. He required intubation and invasive ventilation support. In this case study, the pathophysiology of sepsis will be discussed and the mechanism of synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) volume control ventilation mode will be explained. Sepsis is defined as the dysregulated inflammatory response caused by severe infection (Neviere 2015). It has the interchangeable definition as Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) while the SIRS is resulted by a suspected or confirmed infectious source (Neviere 2015). The concept of SIRS was first introduced by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) in 1992 (Kaplan 2014). It is characterised by two or more following symptoms. They are fever of high than 38 degree or hypothermia; tachycardia; tachypnoea or partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) less than 32 mmHg; deranged white cell count of more than 12,000/Â µL or less than 4,000/Â µL (O’brien et al. 2007). Associated with Thomas’s symptoms, it is clear to see that he was definitely experiencing sepsis. It is because that he was febrile up to 39 degree, tachycardic with heart rate of 135 bpm, and had increased respiratory rate of 35bpm as w ell as the elevated leucocytes count of 14,000 per microliter. The clinical signs are related to the inflammation process which is activated by the body immune system. Due to the severe infection, a large number of proinflammatory mediators are released which in turn result in the serial inflammatory reaction and extensive tissue damage (Neivere 2015). It is reported that SIRS can lead to high mortality rate because of high occurrence of SIRS induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (Singh et al. 2009). In the following paragraphs, the pathophysiology of sepsis/SIRS will be more comprehensively examined. The pathophysiology of SIRS is complex. There are a few elements that need to be emphasised. They are acute stress response, inflammatory process and cytokine storm. Firstly, stress response is the acute phrase reaction when the body tries to defence against the threatening triggers. Those triggers are also known as ‘stress’. Stress can be caused by daily life events, environmental factors or physical illness (Better Health Channel 2012). In Thomas’s case, the stress response is initiated by infection. Under the influence of stress, the body steady state is disrupted. To maintain the homeostasis, the stress response is activated to reverse the body balance and redistribute the oxygen and energy to maintain the function of vital organs (Kyrou et al. 2012). Hypothalamus plays a vital role in processing the distress signals (Seaward 2015). Once it senses the stress, it triggers the activation of sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system then stimulates the adrenal gland to produce epinephrine. It is also known as adrenaline. The adrenaline can lead to increased heart rate and myocardial contractility; dilated pupils and bronchi; peripheral vasoconstriction; accelerated respiratory rate; decreased digestive activity and increased production of glucose from liver (Seaward 2015). In addition, stress can also activate another pathway of stress response. That is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Seaward 2015). It means the stress triggers the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) from anterior hypothalamus. The CRF then promotes the pituitary gland to produce adrenocorticoid trophic hormone (ACTH). The ACTH stimulates the production of cortisol and aldosterone through the adrenal cortex. Those corticosteroids can result in increased metabolism, sodium and water retention (Seaward 2015). Therefore, it is obvious that Thomas was under the effect of stress. He was tachycardic, tachypnoeic and slightly hyperglycaemic due to the effect of sympathetic nervous response. He was oliguric because of the acute kidney injury secondary to the vasoconstriction. His hypernatremia status can be contributed by the impact of aldosterone. He had poor oral intake can be cause by the suppressed digestion function. Secondly, the inflammatory cascade plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Sagy et al. (2013) summarised the inflammation mediator related mechanisms in the systemic inflammatory response. It is indicated that the excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators result in the inflammation, inhibit the function of compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and compromise the immune system eventually (Sagy et al. 2013). Cytokines are the essential components of immune system. Bone et al. (1992) explained that the local cytokines are activated immediately after an insult in order to repair the wound and initiate the innate immune system. Because of the release of local cytokines, a small amount of cytokines go into the circulation. This promotes the production of growth factor and adhesion of macrophages and platelets to help with the recovery of the local damage. However, when the infection is severe and the homeostasis is unable to be restored, cytokine storm occurs. More specifically, cytokine storm is formed from a complex progression. Cytokines are made up by macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, platelets and endothelial cells, which are the initial immune defensive components (Plevkova 2011). The multitude of cytokines can soon induce the cytokine tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Those two elements result in the removal of nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) inhibitor. This in turn prompts the production of more proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL8 and interferon gamma (Plevkova 2011). In other words, cytokines stimulate the production of immune cells, which in turn induce more cytokines in the circulation. The cytokines have a great impact on the body, including direct or indirect contribution of mortality in SIRS. TNFa is discovered causing fever, abnormal haemodynamic values, low white cell count, increased liver enzymes and clotting problems (Jaffer et al. 2010). IL-1 is reported having connection with fever, haemodynamic abnormality, loss of appetite, general weakness, headache and neutrophilia (Jaffer et al. 2010). IL-6 is found having strong relationship with fever and impaired lung function as well as acting a determinant of severity of SIRS and mortality rate (Jaffer et al. 2010). The massive accumulation of cytokines can cause widespreading vasodilatory effect. It is because the cytokines stimulate the release of vasodilators such as nitric oxide (Sprague and Khalil 2009). Additionally, cytokines promotes adhesion of the immune cells and the endothelial cells, which in turn leads to leaky endothelium and loss of fluid from intercellular space to extracellular space (Sprague an d Khalil 2009). Moreover, the cytokines cascade can also lead to the clotting disorder. It is because of the high concentration of fibrinogen in the inflammation process (Esmon 2005). The fibrinogen is converted from thrombin, which is generated by tissue factor. Tissue factor is a substance that is expressed by the surface of white cell. It can also be induced by TNFa and endotoxin from the infection (Esmon 2005). The fibrinogen can be transferred into fibrin which in turn forms clots. As the excessive amount of fibrin in the inflammation status, it can result in extensive clotting disorder. To sum it up, it can be concluded that Thomas’s fever is highly likely related to the release of TNFa, IL-1 and IL-6. IL-1 could be one of the contributors of his poor appetite and elevated white cell count. IL-6 could worsen Thomas’s existing affected lung function. Thomas had increased white cell count can be contributed by the immune response and IL-1. The hypotension is related to the vasodilation effect. Due to the hypotensive, the kidney perfusion dropped and then led to the acute kidney failure and poor urine output. The acute kidney injury may affect the elimination of potassium so that Thomas was found having high potassium level. The low platelet count could be related to the massive production of cytokines and damaged endothelium. In the next section, the synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation volume control will be explained as Thomas’s mechanical ventilation management. The synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) is commonly used in ICU. With the volume control mode, the patient is given the ventilation support with a set tidal volume during the mandatory breaths (Deden 2010). To provide the effective ventilation support, there are a few specific values that need to be set up for the SIMV volume controlled mode. They are tidal volume and respiratory rate. The tidal volume refers to the amount of oxygen delivered by the ventilator or the amount of oxygen the patient breathes voluntarily. The respiratory rate is set up for mandatory breaths. In the SIMV volume controlled mode, the ventilation is trigger by the ventilator or patient self. It means the actual respiratory rate can be upon the preset rate (Goldsworthy and Graham 2014). There is a window of time for the ventilator to sense the patient’s inspiratory effort. This trigger window helps avoid the ventilator deliver the oxygen when the patient exhales (Deden 2010). If the p atient is able to trigger the ventilation within the time frame, the patient-triggered mandatory breath is induced. After reaching the demand tidal volume, the inspiratory phrase ends and expiratory starts. Between each mandatory breaths, the patient is able to initial own spontaneous breath, the breathing volume and length depend on the patient’s respiratory effort (Pierce 2007). If the patient is heavily sedated and unable to initiate the spontaneous breath within the trigger window, the machine-triggered mandatory breath will be activated to provide constant ventilation support according to the set respiratory rate and tidal volume (Deden 2010). Once the ventilator delivers the demand tidal volume, the inspiratory cycle ends and expiratory phrase starts until the next scheduled inspiratory cycle. If the patient’s attempt of breathing is not strong enough to trigger the patient-triggered mandatory breath, the assisted synchronised breath will be provided to achieve t he desired the tidal volume. Like the other mode, the inspiratory cycle ends once the set tidal volume is delivered (Deden 2010). It is believed that Thomas would be beneficial from the SIMV volume controlled mode. It is because that SIMV mode could help him reduce the work of breathing, especially when he was in the high energy-consuming septic status. In addition, due to the SIMV mode, the ventilator allows him to have extra breath to blow off the accumulative carbon dioxide. This can improve his acidosis. Moreover, because of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe pneumonia, his lungs could be stiff and fragile secondary to the inflammation effect and accumulation of cytokines. The volume controlled ventilation acts as a protective strategy to avoid the ventilator related complications, such as volutrauma. It is recommended not to set the tidal volume more than 8-10ml/kg (Deden 2010). In conclusion, sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulted by the infection. The stress response, inflammation reaction and cytokines play essential roles in the progression of SIRS. As SIRS can cause high mortality rate, it is vital to control the infection and manage the widespreading inflammation as well as providing appropriate support to treat the symptoms. In Thomas’s case, the volume controlled synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation would be the better option of managing his severe pneumonia and respiratory distress. Reference Better Health Channel 2012, Stress, viewed 12th March 2015, http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/stress Bone, RC, Balk, RA, Cerra, FB, Dellinger, RP, Fein, AM, Knaus, WA, Schein, RM Sibbald, WJ 1992, ‘Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine’, Chest, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1644-1655. Deden, K, 2010, Ventilation modes in intensive care, Dragerwerk AG C0. KGaA, Germany Esmon, CT 2005, ‘The interactions between inflammation and coaulation’, British Journal of Haematology, vol. 131, no. 4, pp. 417-430. Goldsworthy, S Graham, L 2014, Compact Clinical Guide To Mechanical Ventilation : Foundations Of Practice For Critical Care Nurses, New York, NY Jaffer, U, Wade, RG Gourlay, T 2010, ‘Cytokine in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review’, HSR Proceedings in Intensive Care Cardiovascular Anaesthesia, vol. 2, no.3, pp. 161-175. Kaplan, LJ 2014, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, viewed 19th March 2015, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168943-overview#a0101 Kyrou, I, Chrousos, Kassi, E Tsigos, C 2012, Stress, Endocrine physiology and pathophysiology, viewed 12th March 2015, http://www.endotext.org/chapter/stress-endocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology/#h23 Neviere, R 2015, Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Definition, epidemiology and prognosis, viewed 19th March 2015, http://www.uptodate.com/contents/sepsis-and-the-systemic-inflammatory-response-syndrome-definitions-epidemiology-and-prognosis O’brien, JM, Ali, NA, Aberegg, SK Abraham, E 2007, ‘Sepsis’, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.120, no.12, 1012-1022. Pierce, LNB 2007, Management of Mechanically Ventilated Patient, 2nd edn, Saunders Elsevier, London Plevkova, J 2011, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, viewed 24th March 2015, http://eng.jfmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/PatFyz_Files/Handouty/angl/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndrome_2011.pdf Sagy, M, Al-Qaqaa, Y Kim, P 2013, ‘Definitions and pathophysiology of sepsis, Current Problems in Paediatric and Adolescent Health Care, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 260-263. Seaward, BL 2015, ‘Physiology of stress’, Managing Stress, Jones Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA. Singh, S, Singh, P Singh, G 2009, ‘Systemic inflammatory response syndrome outcome in surgical patients’, Indian Journal of Surgery, vol.71, no.4, pp. 206-209. Sprague, AH Khalil RA 2009, ‘Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease’, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 539-552. 1 Ying Hu 76898

Medical Miracles On The Horizon :: essays research papers

Medical Miracles on the Horizon The world and its inhabitants will face a multitude of problems in the 21st Century, including drug addiction, deadly disease, violent crime, warfare and hostility, hunger, and homelessness to name a few. All of these critical issues have been present to some extent in the 20th Century and, left unsolved, will continue to plague society and mankind as we enter the new millennium. As we rapidly approach the next era, new issues of equal or even greater importance for mankind will almost certainly arise. I personally envision health issues, concerns related directly to medicine, as the central, most critical and comprehensive problem facing leaders of the 21st Century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my opinion, physicians and others associated with the medical profession will participate in one of the most vital and urgent roles entering into the new era. This is one of the reasons that I intend to pursue a career in the medical field after I graduate from The University of Tennessee. Of all occupations in the next millennium, medicine will be perhaps the most important and influential in combating the problems of mankind and in solving them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People in the field of medicine will continue, as they have in this century, to address and participate in almost all concerns. For example, methadone is currently being used as a therapeutic intervention for some drug addictions. In addition, various medications are now being given in the treatment of criminals, like anti-psychotic drugs to curb aggressive or violent behavior in schizophrenics. A new and improved group of antidepressants is also being used to treat and reduce the growing rate of suicide in all ages of our society. Because a very high percentage of homeless people suffer from psychological problems and/or drug addictions, doctors may also eventually play a larger role in prescribing medication for these individuals. Concerning warfare that may be present into the 21st Century, the medical community will be required to detect and treat a variety of injuries and illnesses, just as they have had to decipher and work on patients who fell victim to the Gulf War Syndrome. Any future wars may have even more insidious side-effects due to the use of lethal chemicals. Cures have been found for many illnesses, such as polio, smallpox, and various childhood diseases in the present century, but other health concerns are manifesting rapidly. One of the most important task doctors and research scientists may face is to fight new strains of deadly diseases in the coming years. Outbreaks of eboli and the emergence of diseases that are drug-resistant to antibiotics threaten the survival of mankind.

Agency essay for email :: Business Management Studies

Agency essay for email Text Box: The Client/Agency Relationship Prestige Nursing & MKH Advertising What are marketing and advertising agencies The purpose of this report is to evaluate the relationship Prestige has with its marketing agency MKH Advertising. There are 4 basic types of agency:  · Full Service Agencies who carry out the full range of advertising & marketing activities for clients  · Media Independents who specialize in buying media space  · Creative Specialists who focus on developing creative ideas  · Production Specialists who specialize in producing work in a certain format or medium MKH is a large agency offering a full range of advertising-related services. They assist in planning and executing advertising programmes and in all stages of the marketing and advertising process to assist Prestige in getting the best from their advertising by providing Prestige with the services of skilled & specialist individuals. The core services MKH provides for Prestige are creating ideas for campaigns and selecting and buying the media in which they will appear. MKH are also able to advise on marketing strategy, public relations and integrated advertising campaigns involving above and below the line media buying. Their staff include an account manager, artists, writers, media analysts, researchers, and others with special skills, knowledge and experience that can help market Prestige’s services. Why Prestige uses MKH  · They are communication specialists who understand integrated marketing communications and the consumer buying process.  · MKH provides an objective viewpoint of the market, enabling Prestige to achieve advertising objectivity & to maintain an independent and unbiased view of the marketplace.  · Have an extensive range of experience of the healthcare advertising industry & have worked on the accounts of our competitors, therefore giving an insight into the industry and possibly the competition.  · Have the experiences and contacts to put the Prestige business ahead in the marketing communications field by effectively engaging and informing companies’ customers about the services or products.  · Enables Prestige to stand apart from the competition by retaining corporate identity reminding customers reminded of the services  · Helps Prestige business reach its marketing goals.  · Helps strategically position Prestige services in the market  · Generates revenue by building awareness of their product or service and therefore increasing sales. Key personnel & their roles in the MKH/Prestige relationship. MKH employs hundreds of people but the roles & departments within MKH cover the same basic job functions as most other full service agencies, each performing various advertising functions such as;  · Marketing  · Communications  · Promotions services (planning, creating and producing the

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Essays -- Rosa Parks, civil rights

In the late eighteen hundreds, the Reconstruction by Congress was overturned by the Supreme Court. Segregation or separation by skin color was made a law which was adopted by private organizations, institutions and businesses (loc.gov). Physical violence and mental harassment was imposed upon those whom were deemed inferior in color. Some citizens accepted the law, as is, without question while others believed it was their supreme right to remain separate without modification. Human activists, that opposed this way of living, pursued an extensive battle to abolish racial inequity and segregation from American life (loc.gov). During the nineteen hundreds, many understood this treatment as an offense to human beings and activists began receiving assistance toward this common goal. Support and hindrance, for equality, were both on the rise throughout the Montgomery Bus Boycott. There were also citizens and organizations or groups who neither supported nor opposed segregation. They just wanted some sort of compromise or settlement to put a stop to all the chaos happening in their city. Two groups in particular that attempted to acquire an agreement between Montgomery city officials, the transportation company and protest leaders were the Men of Montgomery and the Alabama Council on Human Relations. The Men of Montgomery, a businessmen’s group, recruited by protest leaders to resolve the issues was unsuccessful in obtaining a consensus to meet the demands of the bus boycott. These men were able to construct a meeting with the opposing sides; however, they did not take a stand for complete humanity. Choosing sides would possibly gain repercussions from either side. City officials were only willing to produce a partial agreement that... ...unity joined together which was not normal among them. Civility was the conquest among boycotters. Montgomery wasn’t ready for the change. They were forced, by the Supreme Court, to accept the terms of the protesters. The long process and struggle finally paid off, integration legally was adopted. WORKS CITED Garrow, David J. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.† Bearing the Cross. William Morrow. New York Quill. 1-82. Interview, â€Å"Montgomery Bus Boycott,† Mrs. Janice Chapital, 09 Apr 2014. Library of Congress Exhibitions. 06 Oct 09. A Century of Racial Segregation, 1849-1850. 22 Feb 2014. Olson, Lynne. â€Å"The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 To 1970.† Freedom’s Daughters. Murrow. New York. Scribner. 13-17, 87-191.

The Characteristics of Voluntary Schools in Relation

The Characteristics of Voluntary Schools in Relation to Education Stages and Governance When choosing a voluntary school there are several things that you should consider. Firstly, there are two kinds of voluntary school; voluntary-aided and voluntary-controlled. Both have strong connections to some description of religious organisations and/or charities. A voluntary-aided school is managed by its own governing body.It is the governance of the school who decides upon the criteria set for admissions. They also have complete control over the employment of both internal and external staff. However, the school’s buildings and the land on which they sit are owned by religious organisations and/or charities. These organisations or charities help to fund the school alongside the Local Education Authority (LEA).The school’s governance contributes to any building work and the maintenance of the present building structures and outdoor areas. A voluntary-controlled school is both funded and managed by the LEA, but the land and buildings are owned by a charity or religious organisation. The LEA and governance of the school are responsible for the provision of any services the school requires, such as general maintenance and hiring staff.It is the job of the governors to choose those they wish to hire, however there are usually a few members of staff employed from the charities or organisations who are involved. Both voluntary-aided and voluntary-controlled schools teach children in primary as well as secondary schools, although there are a higher percentage of primary schools in the voluntary school category*. *(http://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/voluntary_aided_school#section_2) * (http://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/voluntary_controlled_school#section_2)

Dion Lee

Sydney born Dion Lee is a 24 year old successful Australian born high end textile fashion designer who creates clear-cut, structured and tailored to perfection garments to create a perfect silhouette for the woman wearing his designs. He is one of the fashion industries youngest well known designers. Dion is inspired by the construction of clothing. He likes edge cutting garments which are extremely functional created with the combination of traditional tailoring techniques and modern concepts and techniques.His designs cater working class women who look for the smart casual look which is accomplished with the designer’s sharp blazers and also girls who are looking for a chic cocktail frock. Fashion designer Dion Lee launched his debut collection in 2008 and quickly cemented his status as one of Australia's leading talents. Best known for his translation of architecture and science into â€Å"relaxed sophistication† Dion now attracts global attention, but still calls Sy dney home.Believing that Sydney style reflects the physical landscape and its trans seasonal climate, Dion effortlessly designs collections balancing proportion and silhouette to create structures that â€Å"link the environment and the body†. â€Å"I design for a certain kind of contemporary feminine identity, there is a very strong connection within that kind of woman being Australian,† says Dion.With origami like precision, his work is an articulation of engineered construction and detailed resolution, running parallels between architecture and fashion with â€Å"the ability to draw something on a two dimensional level and materialising it on a three dimensional sensory level†. This season is no different. Utilising proportion, volume, texture and his signature prints, his current collection which recently debuted in the UK, is the perfect balance of structure and fluidity.Taking inspiration from the collaborations he seeks, Dion has previously joined forces with Cue Clothing to release his own collection and most recently worked with Kanye West and Fashion Editor of Harper’s Bazaar Christine Centenera on his London show, supported by a short film he created with Australian Director Lorin Askill. If it’s possible to balance complexity with simplicity, Dion Lee achieves this in volumes. An achievement that puts him on the â€Å"watch list†, a status that Sydney and the world will be monitoring. Check out Dion Lee’s collection at Westfield, David Jones and Incu.

Policy of Appeasement: Good or Bad? Essay

After the Great War, Germany and a couple other countries were greatly punished, having to pay reparations and territorial losses. Hitler, soon to be a dictator, wanted to change that. He believed that Germany had been punished too severely and wanted revenge; because he had such a strong government and military, there were many ways of going about stopping him. During the 1930’s, the policy of appeasement was the most effective response to Hitler’s aggression because of many reason but mainly that it keep peace and didn’t start war, the people did not support the war, and because the British needed more time to prepare for war. First of all, one reason why appeasement was the most effective response because for the time being, it kept peace throughout Europe, and after only 20 years of peace from the Great War, people didn’t want another. While Chamberlain was secretly trying to get more time he claims that he is just trying to keep peace but if necessary, he will take action, â€Å"I shall not give up the hope of a peaceful solution†¦yet if it were sure that any nation had made up its mind to dominate the world by its fear of force, I should feel that it must be resisted†¦but war is a fearful thing† (Document 7). This quote signifies that although Chamberlain said he was a man of peace that if he thought it was necessary he would start a war. One problem with appeasement is that some people think that war could have been totally avoided if Hitler had been stood up, â€Å"because the Czech defenses were very strong†¦ and because the German generals, conscious of Germany’s relative weakness at that moment, were actually prepared to attempt to remove Hitler† (Document 9). So if the British had stood up to Hitler and beat him, the war would have been over and Hitler subdued. Furthermore, appeasement was a good policy because even if Chamberlain had wanted war, the Congress didn’t and after just coming out of a pointless war that killed many lives, nobody was willing to do another. British historian Keith Eubank states: â€Å"Neither the people nor the government of (Britain and France) were conditioned to idea of war†¦Hitler had done nothing that any major power considered dangerous enough to warrant a major European war† (Document 10). Another problem with appeasement is that if you are going to have a trust between people over a controversial topic, you can’t do it with a man like Hitler who is known for backstabbing and disloyalty. Trusting Hitler was a risky thing for Chamberlain because while they are resting in peace, Hitler could sneak attack and take an advantage on a very important war. Lastly and most importantly, Chamberlain made the most effective response of Hitler’s aggression because at that time, the British needed more time to update their weapons and prepare for war. They were not at all ready and Germany was acting very aggressive lately so Chamberlain made the right choice of buying the British time so they could win the war. A British foreign secretary describes his meeting with other governments, â€Å"public opinion was strongly opposed to any action against the Germans†¦most people were saying openly that they did not see why the Germans should not occupy the Rhineland†¦taking almost any risk in order to avoid the situation† (Document 12). It was also believed that if Britain had more time, they would win the war, â€Å"time is in our favor†¦it would be better to fight her in say 6 – 12 months’ time, than to accept the present challenge† (Document 13). The most important reason as to why appeasement was a bad thing is because it gave Hitler more land and freedom. When Hitler received Sudeten territory without having to lift a finger causes him to believe Britain and France don’t want to fight a war (which they didn’t) and makes him think he can get away with more things. Hitler sees their peacefulness and takes his aggression into action, â€Å"Germany toady cast off the last shackles fastened upon her by the Treaty of Versailles when Adolf Hitler, as commander-in-chief of the Reich defense forces, sent his new battalions into the Rhineland’s demilitarized zone† (Document 4). Britain used appeasement to buy precious time to prepare and Hitler thought of this as them backing down and took force, which almost won him the war. The whole idea of appeasement was a controversial topic between politicians. It was a good idea because it kept peace throughout Europe, people wouldn’t have agreed to the war aspect anyways, and that it bought British the time they needed to recover for another war. It was a bad policy because it gave Hitler confidence, Hitler may have been overthrown if a little opposition was expressed, and that Hitler couldn’t be trusted. In conclusion, the policy of appeasement was the most effective way to stop Hitler’s aggression.

Ethics and Professionalism in Accounting

AC 216 – Ethics and Professionalism in Accounting Exam #1 Name SOLUTIONS Part I. Multiple Choice (2 pts each, 40 pts total) Instructions: Select the one best answer to each question. 1. The insufficient anchor adjustment cognitive bias refers to: a. placing too much significance on the average value. b. placing significance on an erroneous prior value. c. overconfidence in one’s decision based on insufficient information. d. placing too much significance on a value which is the hardest to recall. 2. Which of the following characteristics typifies a complicated environment? . good practice. b. process reengineering. c. exclusive use of experts. d. best practice. â€Å"c† arguably makes sense but the word â€Å"exclusive† makes it less than the best answer. 3. Which of the following statements is correct: a. Problems can be universally agreed upon, while issues are subject to greater depth of debate. b. Problems and issues are both always universally agreed upon. c. Issues can be universally agreed upon, while problems are subject to greater depth of debate. d. Problems are exactly the same as issues. 4.Deciding whether to use strawberry or grape jam on one’s sandwich is: a. not a moral issue because no real decision needs to be made. b. a moral issue because a choice between alternatives is required. c. not a moral issue because no component of harm exists. d. a moral issue because consequences are important. 5. Ksenia believes that success is under her own control. She most likely has a/an: a. high internal locus of control b. high external locus of control c. high locus of control d. a lack of locus of control 6. Kohlberg’s theories on ethical awareness state that: . differing levels of ethical awareness exist. b. locus of control determines one’s level of ethical awareness. c. most individuals reach a â€Å"stage 3† level of ethical awareness. d. both A and C are correct. 7. Which of the following statem ents regarding Trevino’s eight steps to ethical decision making are incorrect? a. The framework starts off with mechanical steps followed by personal ones. b. Identification of stakeholders and weighing alternatives are two separate steps. c. In real life decision making, not all eight steps are always followed. d.The role of intuition is not considered. 8. Which of the following ethical approaches is considered to be a mixed framework? a. Kant ethics. b. Sidgwick’s dualism. c. Love ethic. d. Existentialism. 9. The Existentialism approach is similar to the egoism approach in what regard? a. Both are teleological approaches. b. Both are deontological approaches. c. Both have a narrow individual focus. d. Both balance individual and group considerations. 10. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Business ethics deals exclusively with the theory behind right and wrong. b.Business ethics deals with the application of standards of right and wrong. c. Ethics and l aw are synonymous. d. Ethics and morality are exactly the same since both deal with application of right and wrong. 11. Which of the following describes law and ethics. a. They are exactly the same. b. Some legal actions may not be ethical. c. All ethical actions are also legal. d. All legal actions are also ethical. 12. According to the textbook and class discussion, U. S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines: a. Treat all firms equally despite their attempts to act ethically. b.Increase the severity of penalties for firms that tried to act ethically but failed to do so. c. Attempt to reduce the severity of penalties when a firm has tried to act ethically. d. Treat misconduct as a clear cut matter of right or wrong. 13. The argument for extreme ethical relativism fails because: a. It is illogical. b. It advocates a consequentialist decision making framework. c. It advocates a mixed framework approach. d. Both A and C are correct. 14. Ethical conduct depends largely on: a. Good decision ma king. b. Practical application of standards of right and wrong. . Making decisions when not all facts are known. d. All of the above. 15. Which of the following best typify’s a Contractarian Ethics approach? a. Treating like cases in a consistent and fair manner. b. Focusing on overall collective benefit for society. c. Balancing just actions for individuals only. d. Everyone should look out for themselves only. In this way, overall society benefits. 16. A set of practices, for polite society, common to a particular group is called: a. etiquette. b. custom. c. law. d. professionalism. 17. According to Jim Collins great companies focus on: a.Short-term goals only. b. Long-term goals only. c. Both short and long term goals. d. Neither short nor long term goals. 18. Intuitionalism: a. is a mixed framework. b. emphasizes rules and exceptions to the rule. c. a deontological framework. d. Both â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† 19. Which of the following is correct regarding the d efinitions of the following terms? | |Morality |Ethics | |a. |Theoretical |Practical | |b. |Practical |Theoretical | |c. Theoretical |Theoretical | |d. |Practical |Practical | 20. Which of the following statements regarding business ethics is incorrect? a. The mechanics of thinking and decision making are key components. b. Use of different approaches and frameworks always yields the same decision since there is always a best option. c. Decisions often need to be made when all facts are not known. d. Just because more than one option exists, it does not mean that all options are acceptable. Part II. Essay (20 points each; 60 points total)Prepare a proper essay response to all three of the questions appearing below. 1. Define the notion of an â€Å"ethical dilemma. † What tests are available which help to indicate the presence of an â€Å"ethical dilemma? † 2. If you had to choose just one of the philosophical approaches discussed in this chapter to guide your decision making, which would you choose? Why? Or, if you had to rank them from most to least helpful, how would you rank them? 3. Citing an example to help illustrate your point, define and apply the 8 steps recommended in ethical decision making as discussed by Trevino.

Style, Graphics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Style, Graphics - Essay Example Clarity is thus important because it would help in bringing once audience to a uniform understanding; this is especially if there are those with a brief glimpse of what one is talking about. Clarity will enable both the ignorant and the enlightened individuals about the topic to be at par with each other. Achieving clarity in one’s communication is as easy as providing illustrations. It is also important to use definite descriptive words other than the vague words. It is also important to use understandable words that one’s audience can understand. Other than using jargons, it is important to use plain words that can be understood by everybody not unless one’s audience is people of the same understanding and backgrounds. For instance, Nicole is hired to be communication experts for a company, it is important for her to understand the diversity of the targeted customers and the language to use when communicating to them. This is the best way that she can make the people or the targeted customers identify with the company. In developing the proposal, she must elevate her language to express the sentiments of the organization to the professional understanding of the people who will review the proposal and even those to whom the proposal is intended. The communicator should also seek to simplify some words for easy understanding and consciousness. When writing, it is also important to shorten sentences, as longer sentences may be difficult to read and understand. In lengthy sentences, one is also bound to make mistakes. Longer sentences often give different meanings most of the time (Sellnow, 56). The reader may therefore derive different meaning from what was originally intended. It is also important to avoid the use of many propositions. Propositions can potentially make a sentence to be redundant with barely any meaningful communication. After writing the work, it is important to proof read once work to avoid any mistake that may arise.

Mrs. Fields' Cookies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mrs. Fields' Cookies - Case Study Example Expansion of business makes it excessively difficult for an entrepreneur to maintain ties with the customers and obtain immediate responses when need be. As such, customers lose the sense of belonging to the business and feel less appreciated and might avoid buying from the business thus impacting negatively on the business’ revenues and reputation. Similarly, effective communication is vital in the success of any business. Mrs. Fields’ allowed communication to take place freely irrespective of positions, a factor that can cause rumormongering and leaking of vital information that might confound the business’ operations. Effective arrangement of stock entices customers to a business. If stock is disorganized, customers tend to avert shopping in such places and sales plummets. Expansion into international markets requires that a business is acquainted with the culture, tastes and preferences of the people in the new country to avoid being rejected and circumvented by customers for violating important cultural norms. In expanding a business, one should guarantee that the touch with the customers is not lost and this can be attained by maintaining an operation level that can meritoriously be managed and pay attention to any customer feedback received. Additionally, the vine-yard communication system should be maintained to ensure that messages are passed ceremoniously and professionally to avoid misleading information from spreading. Stock should be arranged dexterously to attract customers’ attention and shun placing unconnected items on the serving counter. Finally, when expanding into new markets with different cultures, one should be able to culturally appeal to the new customers by manufacturing and offering products that are culturally acceptable as well as suit the tastes, wants and preferences. This should be ascertained by conducting an extensive cultural screening prior to

Live Theatrical Professional Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Live Theatrical Professional Performance - Essay Example That too at a podium designed for all; young, old, abled or a little less of it! I visited the festival on the 15th of July, the very first day of the performance when the actors are all totally charged to leave no stone unturned for their first act on the stage. I went a little before time to enjoy the ambience of the festival. . The park with its slides and the fountain at the pillar in the centre of the lawn was quite inviting. You see kiddos running around with faces painted of flowers and butterflies, the hustle bustle at the stage of the last minute setting of properties and checking lights and sound. The pillar with the four faces of the laughing beast facing each direction only went on to call One and All further. Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s popular works, is also his longest play with its innumerous soliloquies as also one of his most influential tragedies in English literature. Hamlet was presented by Globe Players, now in its sixth year. What we saw on stage, was the cumulative effort of six weeks of intensive training program. All of 15-18 in age, these teenagers assumed such seasoned roles with grit and an endearing innocence. Kentucky Shakespeare Festival veteran Matt Wallace directed the play having to his tune Patrick Zakem playing the title role of Hamlet, Christina Sauer as his mother Gertrude, Collin Sage as the vicious Uncle Claudius, Courtney Hardesty as the vulnerable Ophelia, Collin Jones as Polonious, Mitchell Martin as the faithful friend Horatio, and Ryan Burch as the misled brother and son Laertes. Many in the audience must have been first timers for Shakespeare. The intensive Victorian language that he employs is considered too cerebral. Add to it the plot of Hamlet is grim with a son’s suspicion of whether his Uncle killed his father, a fact told to him by a ghost! However that’s where this evening

DAWN Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DAWN - Term Paper Example As seen through the author’s eyes, the Oankali, a nomadic alien species are seen as genetic manipulators and traders who besides restoring humankind to their reconstructed Earth, were badly in need of trading their genes which was vital to the survival of their species. Lilith is chosen by the Oankali to be their mediator and is given the duty of convincing the humans that the actions of the Oankali are going to benefit all the humans. Fearing the inevitable on awaking the first human she states â€Å"You seemed least likely to try to kill me, least likely to fall apart, and most likely to be able to help with the others as they awaken† (Butler 129) Through this sentence we come to understand Butler’s message that humans are always fearful of the future and that which cannot be seen. Butler’s message comes out to her audience loud and clear that humans have to take care of their Earth and stop its destruction or it might be overtaken by a power more greater than themselves. Butler’s story invokes a sort of fear and dread of visualizing human beings dominated by an alien species. It makes her audience reflect on the truth that someday could turn into a possibility. ‘Dawn’ may be fictional in presentation but it is more humane in its

NYC has been affected by storms. Some of environmental Research Paper

NYC has been affected by storms. Some of environmental conservationists have proposed that New York follow Amsterdam in protecti - Research Paper Example As some of environmental conservationists have proposed that New York follow Amsterdam in protecting its coastline from flooding. In this paper we would analyze research and discuss the topic. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Floods are among the most powerful forces on earth. Human societies worldwide have lived and died with floods from the very beginning, spawning a prominent role for floods within legends, religions, and history.† (O’Connor, J.E., and Costa, J.E., 7) There are several geologists, historians, and hydrologists have critically reviewed the impact of floods and its consequences on humanity and how it supports the ecosystems as well. Therefore, this results in detailed elaboration of the role of floods shaping up the lives of different individuals and families. The extreme flooding in the United States over the past few years or decades have determined the restrictions and limitations of the nonstructural flood control in the country. NEW YORK CITY HAZARDS Many studie s and researches have shown that the floods in the United States have cost the property losses of more than $1 billion. In the recent years, New York City has been the victim of devastating and horrendous floods. The records that were held for centuries were fallen and broken and major areas of New York City have been evacuated as well. Furthermore, the territories and towns now lack to communicate from the outside world as well as their neighboring societies. All the disasters New York has faced over the recent years have attacked with such cruelty and fierceness that many historic structures were damaged, families were destroyed, many lives were taken away, and many people are homeless now. New York City has lost so much and has been through a lot which also has decreased the enhanced beauty of the city. Not only houses, business, families, historical places and structures were damaged or destroyed but the city also lost some of their important documents and some of their history which were saved in proper vaults and safe houses. â€Å"Opportunities to protect and enhance natural systems through policy are valuable and often fleeting. To assure that environmental concerns are properly and judiciously represented in flood management decisions, individual cases must be assessed from a basin-wide perspective.† (Hickey T and Salas D, 2) THE FLOODZONE NEW YORK CITY Everyone living in the New York City is affected by these drastic floods and flood damages which are caused from the storms or water main breaks. The most common example of these floods is severe rain storms and thunderstorms. One of the reasons of these severe flooding is because of the geographical location of New York City in the map. The city is closest to Atlantic Ocean; therefore, it is easily exposed to the flash, coastal, and tidal flooding as well. â€Å"New York City, New York (NYC) is extremely vulnerable to coastal flooding; thus, verification and improvements in storm surge models are needed in order to protect both life and property.† (Colle and Buonaiuto et al. 829) The New England Hurricane of 1938, Hurricane Sandy, and Hurricane Edna were the floods which caused most deaths in the New York City. The New England Hurricane of 1938 The Great Hurricane in the 1938 was considered as the major disaster

Managing the Safety Function and Psychology and Safety Essay

Managing the Safety Function and Psychology and Safety - Essay Example In terms of directing, safety practitioners do not lead organizations directly but need financial and staff support to implement their safety decisions (Lecture Notes). Finally, some safety directors do have authority to hire staff and, if that is the case, safety officers must ensure legal and regulatory compliance and develop explicit job descriptions (Lecture Notes). The benefits and limitations of safety incentive programs have been described in abundance. Basically, positive feedback and rewards are claimed to reinforce safe behaviors and, consequentially, enhance safety performance in the workplace (Goodrum & Gangwar 24). Simultaneously, safety incentive programs may not provide long-term safety improvements. The fact is that the relationship between incentives and safety behaviors is misleading: as soon as these programs end, the quality of safety behaviors falls below original levels (Goodrum & Gangwar 24). Finally, safety incentive programs often become an object of serious concern, as they drive underreporting of incidents: employees do not report safety incidents and failures in order to qualify for rewards (Goodrum & Gangwar 24). Unfortunately some people prefer to hide the fact of failure in order not to spoil their own reputation. At the same time they do not think about harm that such underreporting may cause. Such cases cause a lot of problems for many modern organizations. Underreporting of incidents is dangerous practice that sometimes leads to undesired results: some unreported incidents may create danger for employees who concealed the fact and their colleges. So, safety managers must take this fact into account while creating safety incentive programs in order to prevent case in which underreporting of incidents take place. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a common instrument of management and safety management

Economic analysis of the current residential housing market in Houston Essay

Economic analysis of the current residential housing market in Houston - Essay Example Houston realtor’s housing data indicates that demand for houses increased by 29% as January 2013 representing a sales increase of 4680 units as compared to the previous year. Additionally, the housing prices were ranging from $500,000 on January 2012 to million dollars. For instance, the highest price were recorded on January 2012 was $200296 (Bivins, paras7-8). The data further indicates that prices of single family houses increased by 9.6% between 2012 and 2013. This indicates that there was a 22.45% increase in housing prices this year as compared to the last year. Additionally, the sale of condominiums was reported to be 422 residential units as at February this year while on February last year the sales of condominiums was 313 units. This indicates that there was an increase in demand for condominiums and mansions by 109 units as at February 2013. According to Eaton, Paras 2-4, higher demand for houses caused an increase in demand for mortgages. For example, demand for mortgage loans increased from 11.4% on January 2009 to 18.6% on January 2011.Therefore, study aims to explain three factors that increase or decrease demands for residential housing in Houston as well as those factors that increase or decrease supply of residential housing. In above connection, the study will put forth demand three examples that explain areas where demand or supply based market failure can be anticipated. Additionally, the study will put forth three examples that explain demand or supply based market failures and how the government can address such failures in a free market. Connectively, graphs will utilize to explain the concepts that are going to be discussed. Economic analysis of the current residential housing market in Houst on Numerous factors have been attributed to an increases demand for housing in Houston, among those factors includes: change in consumer’s disposable income, change in demographic, availability of substitutes to mention just but a few (Arnold p.65). Changes in consumer’s disposable income may involve increase or a decrease in income. Whereby, an increase income caused an increase in demand for houses in Houston as many consumers could afford to pay for houses despite having a higher price. This in turn caused a movement from point A to point B causing a right ward shift demand curve from D1D1 to D2D2 as indicated in 1.1. Additionally, change in population demographics such; as increase in population, could have contributed to an increase in demand for houses (Gwartney p.61). Whereby, as birth rates increases, demand for houses increase causing a rightward shift in demand curve as indicated in diagram 1.1. In above connection, availability of houses that could have been used as substitute contributed significantly to a high demand of houses in Houston. This means that better houses were readily available and therefore, most people were able to substitute their old houses with a new and better residential house depending on their needs. On the other hand, those factors that decrease demand for housing include: changes in consumers future expectations. Whereby, future anticipations that houses prices might fall in the future they may make consumers postpone their current demand for houses in order to purchases those houses in the future at a lower price (Hall p.60). This in turn leads to a decrease in demand for houses and hence causing a leftward shift in demand curve as indicated in diagram 1.2 at the end of the essay. Additionally, a fall in consumer’

Changing a Partheid, But Not So Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing a Partheid, But Not So Fast - Essay Example Before summarizing the setting of the play, it is important to note something about the author of this play, and his purpose or message. The man who wrote this play is Athol Fugard. His parents were English and Afrikaner, and he was raised in South Africa, during apartheid, having been born there in 1932. While working as a court clerk in Johannesburg, he came to understand the evils of apartheid, and became an activist, writing plays about apartheid (Vienna Theatre Project 2). He alienated the government, in that way, and they removed his passport and years later they returned it. His award-winning plays spread apartheid awareness internationally, from marginalized theaters in South Africa, to famous theaters in London, and even to New York’s Broadway (Vienna Theatre Project 2). Fugard brings his criticism of the apartheid policies of the South African government to this play. However, through the character of Mr. M, Fugard also brings criticism of the policies of the African National Congress, which resisted the apartheid government (p. 2). That is a strong approach, especially for an activist who is well aware of the evils of apartheid, and has himself suffered under it. Good and evil are not as completely polarized in real life as they are in fairy tales. Mr. M represents the voice of a gray area, between the extremes. Isabel is white and filled with personal hope, raised to believe it is hers by right. Thami is black and cannot afford the luxury of hope without supporting street action for massive and immediate change (p. 3). Mr. M sees hope as a hungry beast that could potentially gobble up all of South Africa’s students (Chastang). He does not want to exercise the initiative to invite change abruptly. He is afraid that the inevitable backlash against activism for abrupt social change will put education further out of reach of his students. Mr. M is also an activist, because he is engaged in the visionary social action of education, but he i s older and more old-fashioned, and so he likes the relative safety of moving more slowly. He does not want to escalate risk, because education is critical to the future of the students. Mr. M is not fearful of insubstantial shadows, but of very real events and trends. The history of South Africa has not been peaceful. The Dutch killed and controlled the Xhosa. The British seized control of the area and the Afrikaner (Dutch descendants) moved their location to escape the British. Both the British and the Afrikaners defeated the Zulus. Then, war came between the British and the Afrikaners, and the British won. They later united to keep non-whites restricted (Vienna Theatre Project 4). The Afrikaner National Party came to power in 1948 and apartheid was firmly and miserably entrenched. The African National Congress was the Black answer to apartheid. It was backed by Communists (Vienna Theatre Project 4). In 1976, 15,000-20,000 Soweto students marched in protest of apartheid, intending to sing a song affirming solidarity and then go home. Unfortunately, the police over-reacted, released police dogs to attack the students and used tear gas. Students responded by throwing stones and bottles. The police started shooting students, without warning, Students reacted by setting fire to government property and the property of White businesses. The government called in massive reinforcements. Army helicopters dropped tear gas on the crowd. Entry and exit to and from