Developing and Implementing Change :: Business, Change

Change also known as innovation marrow to alter or to be different. It is not a new concept. consort to Patronis Jones (2009, p.168) and Harris (2002, p.145), revision is the only constant whereby it is an important part of an organization and happens all the time. Without transmute, advancement will not happen. In the healthcare industry for moral, without change, nurses will suave be trained in hospitals (Anderson, 2005).Change can be either think or unplanned. Unplanned change occurs suddenly delinquent to specific pile whereas planned change is a longer process that involves planning to achieve a specific goal (Patronis Jones, 2009). In addition, change may be due to internal or external forces. Internal forces are factors within the organisation much(prenominal) as organisational values, beliefs and culture whereas external forces are factors that come from outside the organisation such as social factors, economic factors and legislations (Patronis Jones, 2009 ). Change can also be individualized or organisational. However, according to Harris (2002) and Wainwright (2008), organisational change mainly involves personal change. This means that change always involve people who plan, down and evaluate changes respectively or within a team (Harris, 2002).Three types of change adjudge been identified within organisations transitional, transformational and developmental. Transitional change is the most common type of change it is driven by contestment and involves small continuous changes in people, structure, procedures or technology to improve organisational performance (Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009). Transformational change is driven by leaders and is competitive, thoroughgoing and radical involving a change of culture and value system for example the merging of two organisations (Harris, 2002 Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009, p.76). Developmental change on the other hand involves a continuous dynamic change aiming at avoiding radical changes (Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009). According to Gilley, Dixon & Gilley (2008, p.154), transformational change is the key to realising innovation in an organisation.For organisations to succeed and be competitive, they must support and implement continuous and transformational change (Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009 Gilley, Dixon, & Gilley, 2008). The aim of the health industry is to provide tone of voice patient centered care. However, the healthcare industry is facing an aging population and workforce. Skills and resources to manage complex and chronic illnesses are required. In addition, consumers are more enlightened about the healthcare system and want to manage their own health (Reithmeier, 2009). underdeveloped and Implementing Change Business, ChangeChange also known as innovation means to alter or to be different. It is not a new concept. According to Patronis Jones (2009, p.168) and Harris (2002, p.145), change is the only constant whereby it is a n important part of an organisation and happens all the time. Without change, improvement will not happen. In the healthcare industry for example, without change, nurses will still be trained in hospitals (Anderson, 2005).Change can be either planned or unplanned. Unplanned change occurs suddenly due to specific circumstances whereas planned change is a longer process that involves planning to achieve a specific goal (Patronis Jones, 2009). In addition, change may be due to internal or external forces. Internal forces are factors within the organisation such as organisational values, beliefs and culture whereas external forces are factors that come from outside the organisation such as social factors, economic factors and legislations (Patronis Jones, 2009). Change can also be personal or organisational. However, according to Harris (2002) and Wainwright (2008), organisational change mainly involves personal change. This means that change always involve people who plan, impl ement and evaluate changes individually or within a team (Harris, 2002).Three types of change have been identified within organisations transitional, transformational and developmental. Transitional change is the most common type of change it is driven by management and involves small continuous changes in people, structure, procedures or technology to improve organisational performance (Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009). Transformational change is driven by leaders and is competitive, fundamental and radical involving a change of culture and value system for example the merging of two organisations (Harris, 2002 Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009, p.76). Developmental change on the other hand involves a continuous dynamic change aiming at avoiding radical changes (Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009). According to Gilley, Dixon & Gilley (2008, p.154), transformational change is the key to realising innovation in an organisation.For organisations to succeed and be competitive, they must support and implement continuous and transformational change (Gilley, Gilley & McMillan, 2009 Gilley, Dixon, & Gilley, 2008). The aim of the health industry is to provide quality patient centered care. However, the healthcare industry is facing an aging population and workforce. Skills and resources to manage complex and chronic illnesses are required. In addition, consumers are more educated about the healthcare system and want to manage their own health (Reithmeier, 2009).

Jackson Sucks :: essays research papers

Jackson Sucks (The obvious, and not so obvious reasons)     If there was a website for this story it would be www.jacksonhighsucks.edu. Theres no other way to say it simplyJackson is the worst thing since Alf. Being a senior, that means I have been here for four years (Sadly, this is the only thing I have ever learned from this establishment.) Yes, thats four years of pain and misery, so I will detail to you wherefore Jackson has been such a torture.      O.K. maybe it wasnt such a torture but you know what I mean. Dont get me unlawful I love high school, and it will suck to be leaving this place to go to college (Western Washington University GO Vikings woo Extreeeeme) but at the aforementioned(prenominal) time I am ready to leave this dump. I constantly distinguish on a day to day basis in the hallways rants and ravings most how this school sucks, so obvious or not it is not only me. Everyone loathes school, but what makes Jackson so d ifferent that it sucks so much compared to other schools? I mean, what sets it apart that makes it so unique? Today I will bring up a couple points with you. Some reasons why Jackson sucks is because of the academic select Jackson possesses, the administration, the ASB (Or lack thereof), the student body (YOU), and finally school lunches. indoctrinate lunchesFirst we will tackle the most important of issues I want to discuss. School lunches. A look at these lunches will surely disappoint any student. Not only a student, but if some Somalian kid were to eat at our very very fine five star establishment, they would be like Whats going on? Wheres the food? I WANT THE FOOOOOD"      You often hear people rant and rave well-nigh cafeteria food, you could have heard this through movies, or just from peers. Jackson is no exception. While I will fall in the food here at Jackson a passing quality factor, the measly portions lead me to believe the schools on some typ e of welfare system. Its about 1130, and many students havent eaten some breakfast, so they are starving. So starving they are at the point of eating REAL child back ribs (*background noise* thats what Im talking about) if you catch my drift. The lines are long and there is absolutely no set to even move. There is such a lack of space for moment that there is an occasional jerk face that is walking out with this food and bumps you with his dud gravy platter and blotches gravy excrements on to your face which scolds and blisters.

Psychological Research Report on Memory Essay -- essays research paper

ABSTRACTHow is memory encoded and what methods can lead to greater recall? T here(predicate) remove been many different models suggested for humanity memory and many different attempts at defining a specific method of encoding that will lead to greater recall. In this essay subjects atomic number 18 asked to do a semantic task on a word related to them and an orthographic task in which they analyze the letter in the word. The results of the experiment indicate that the words which where encoded semantically and are related to the self have greater recall.INTRODUCTIONIn the last half century several theories have emerged with regard to the best model for human memory. In each of these models there was a specific way to help people recall words and images. The foremost model of memory is the short bound and eagle-eyed term memory. In this model information is temporarily stored in the short term memory. Over here it is easily and quickly recalled and it can stay in short term memory and be recalled if the person rehearses it. When information leaves short term memory it goes into long term memory. While long term memory has a much larger storage capacity it is harder to recall items from long term memory. It has been proposed that items from long term memory are recalled by having large part of it placed in short term memory where it is examined to see if it has the necessary piece of information. If it doesnt accordingly either the person gives up on recalling it or takes a nonher large set of information from long-term memory to examine. (Atkinson & Sciffrin 1971).However this multi-store view of memory has not provided a strong enough explanation for scientists. Another theoretical view of memory is the idea that memory is based on depth of proce... ...nitially rehearsed by acknowledgment could have greater recall. An example would if this experiment asked subjects to again find a letter in a word if the word appeared before. It has al so been shown in this experiment that words that are related to oneself can lead to greater recall. However this experiment has not tested whether words related to oneself have a greater recall then other words that are encoded semantically since the other grouping of words were not semantically encoded.REFERENCESAtkinson, R.C. & Schifrin, R.M. (1971) The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 225, 85-90.Zachmeister, E.B. & Nyberg, S.E. (1982) Levels of Processing. kind-hearted Memory, Ch.12, 250-273Klein, Stanley B. & Kihlstrom, Jhon F. (1986) Elaboration Organization and the Self-Reference effect in Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 115, 26-38

Sex in the Media Essay -- Papers

Sex plays a major role in todays society. From television, radio, music, and advertisements, to video games, the Internet, subterfuge and pictures, all forms of media use sex to help sell their products. With the public being exposed to so many different types of media, the overuse of sex is common. Is sex a useful tool, or a ploy to get the attention of the public? Before discussing sex in the media, one must understand why it has adopt to be that people use sex as a gimmick. The writing of modern history has resulted in a viewpoint that is nothing short of a stag party. The history of women is ignored, hushed up, and censored in the most(prenominal) literal sense of the term. This method of eliminating the social and political destiny of half of humanity is the most effective form of supremacy. (Janssen-Jurreit 189) The world as it exists today, is still man-made, no less now then in the nineteenth century. Alice E. Courtney states, Womens self-awareness as fema les has until very recently reflected the worlds (mostly mens) figure of them how well their personal performance matched male expectations. These individual roles, as described by Oneill and Leone in Male/Female Roles Opposing Viewpoints as the relationship of a man or woman to society on the basis of gender, became essential in shaping male and female attitudes towards one another. Over the past 20 years remarkable changes in these traditional male and female roles have been witnessed. The subsequent impact on men, women, and families due to these changes is believed to be, by many social historians, caused by the re-emergence of the womens movement. (Oneill and Leone 138) Though a positive alteration of roles has occurred, how is it that childr... ...New York. Thousand Oaks. 1994Davis, Simone Weil. Living up to the Ads Gender Fictions of the 1920s. Conn. Durham Dike Press. 2000Dines, Gail and Jean M. Humez. Gender, Race, and Class in Media a text Reader. Cal ifornia. Thousand Oaks. 1995 Goffman, Erving. Gender Advertisements. Boston University Press. 1974Holtzman, Linda. Media Messages What Film, Television, and Popular Music Teach us about Race, Sex, and Gender Roles. New York. Sharp. 2000Impoco, Jim. (1996 April). Tvs frisky family values. U.S. News & World Report one hundred twenty no 15, p. 58-62. Janssen-Jurreit, Marie Louise. (1982). Sexism The Male Monopoly on History & Thought. New York Farrar Straus Giroux Oneill, M. Teresa, Leone, Bruno. (1983). Male/Female Roles Opposing Viewpoints. St. Paul. Greenhaven Press.

Mark Twain :: Essays Papersw

Mark TwainSamuel Langhorn Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, was born in 1835. Twain wasand still is a famous famed writer of his time and still today. At an early age, Twains commence died, forcing him to leave school to find a job to support his family. He was forced into poor boys college, into an apprenticeship at a printing press in his home town. As much as Twain didnt like his job, he learned valuable information. While working at the printing press, he picked up good writing techniques, and learned from mistakes in bad writings. While teaching in the printing press, he was also learning about life through his fathers mistakes.Twain concentrated on the importance of time. Twain felt that his father had died bankrupt from financing his money in things that failed because of bad timing. He soon learned the techniques of timing.Twain left his apprenticeship at the printing press and found another(prenominal) job apprenticing himself on a steam boat on the Mississipp i River. Twain felt that this was valuable training and that it was the first time he very got to use his mind. Working on the steam boat made Twain become well known with nature. He also became aware of his ability as a writer and went to Navada.Twain dreamed of the riches his father never had. He often switched jobs looking for wealth. He worked a newspaper job and in gold fields, but his career was soon to be in writing.The Lincoln of literature is what Twain was soon called. His first famous writing was The Celebrated parachuting Frog. Twain would use personal past experiences in his writings from his boyhood, for example in his book Hannibal. Twain soon became the most famous man existent of his time, Twain, of course, gives all credit to his inner source of timing.

Mark Twain :: Essays Papersw

memorialise pairSamuel Langhorn Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, was born in 1835. Twain wasand still is a famous renowned writer of his time and still today. At an early age, Twains begin died, forcing him to leave school to find a job to support his family. He was forced into poor boys college, into an apprenticeship at a printing press in his residence town. As much as Twain didnt like his job, he learn valuable information. While working at the printing press, he picked up good writing techniques, and learned from mistakes in bad writings. While learning in the printing press, he was also learning about life by his fathers mistakes.Twain concentrated on the importance of time. Twain felt that his father had died bankrupt from financing his money in things that failed because of bad timing. He soon learned the techniques of timing.Twain left his apprenticeship at the printing press and found another job apprenticing himself on a steam boat on the Mississippi Riv er. Twain felt that this was valuable training and that it was the first time he really got to use his mind. Working on the steam boat made Twain get under ones skin well known with nature. He also became aware of his ability as a writer and went to Navada.Twain dreamed of the riches his father never had. He often switched jobs looking for wealth. He worked a newspaper job and in gold fields, but his career was soon to be in writing.The Lincoln of writings is what Twain was soon called. His first famous writing was The Celebrated Jumping Frog. Twain would use personal past experiences in his writings from his boyhood, for example in his book Hannibal. Twain soon became the most famous man alive of his time, Twain, of course, gives all credit to his inner source of timing.

Research Movie Paper

In the beginning, the setting took place on a never ending way where gigabyte and Arine were sitting waiting to see the campers come in. This seemed to be something they did often to demoraliseher. The lived in a town where nothing ever much happens. sarin worked at a local grocery store where he describes it as being empty. At situation gilbert takes care of his youngest brother Arine. Arine has a hinderance problem and wasnt expecting to live as long as he did. At any time his life was over.Gilbert has two sisters, a 15 year old give away Ellen, and another sister who use to work at the school kitchen until it was burned down her name was Amy. Hes start was a large women who havent left the house in almost 7 years but that was soon to change after an accident occurred with Arine. Gilberts farther died so most of the responsibilities were left with him. When Gilbert goes to work Arine sits there and waits for him. Just before Gilbert shift was over a women c whollyed by the name of Betty Carver calls for a delivery. Betty quickly alarmed the kids to go outside to play.Gilbert took the groceries to the kitchen where Betty starts to kiss him, showing that this was something that usually happens while he makes deliveries. The kissing stops when Gilbert sees Mrs. Carver husband outside on the trampoline with his kids. While walking out Mr. Carver sees ice cream that was fed to him by Mrs. Carver on his side and immediately tell Gilbert that he wants to see him in his office. When he got to his car he noticed Arine was missing. He sees Arine climbing the towns piddle tower and sings to him to get him down.By the way the police were talking to gilbert Arine had done this before multiple times. On their way back to the car they notices the girlfriend from one of the campers that where driving in. Later in the movie the family is planning an 18th birthday party for Arine. One day while they were visiting a cafe they saw the girl from the campers again. They got really close and Gilbert and Becky began to see each other more. One day when Becky and Gilbert were hanging out Gilbert had to go home and give Arine a bath, when he got there he told Arine that he was old enough to wash up by himself.So he left. When he got back home he noticed that Arine was still in the tub shaking back in forth from being in the tub all night. After then Arine never wanted to take a bath again. One night Gilbert tried to tell Arine that it was time for him to take a bath so they were in the bathroom and Arine wouldnt get in so they started fighting and Gilbert hit Arine and Arine ran away to Beckys house. When he arrived home the next morning it was his 18th Birthday party.Gilbert came home later that day to find out that Arine party had started when he got there he apologized to Arine for bang him. Gilbert introduced Becky to his mother even though she hated people to see her because of her wait. After the party was over Gilbert, Amy, and Ellen began to clean up while Bonnie sit on the couch and watching television but not for long after sitting on the couch for 7 years without never acquire up she finally got up and made an effort to go upstair to her room that she havent been in since the death of her Husband.While she was upstairs she asked Ellen to get her some water while to talked to Gilbert she told him that he was her Night and Shimmering Armor after they were finished talking she asked to talk to Arine as she referred to as the Birthday Boy. When Arine got upstairs he started to call for his mother but she wouldnt respond he thought she was playing a game and he got irraitted but his mother was dead. When Gilbert and his sisters were upstairs they cried. Later they burned the house down because they knew no one would be able to remove their mother from the house.

High Divorce Rates

Family Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you perpetually been to a traditional wedding? They ar the most pleasing breath taking experience that you commit ever seen many symbols like the exchange of rings, union merchant shipdle, flowers, brides maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful colour dress. Also weddings atomic number 18 a lot of fun too. They be the start of a family institution. On the flip over side they are expensive and stressful for the bridge at hand and the odds of staying together are only one out of e precise 5 pairings ended disjoind within the first quintuple years.Nowadays unlike the past more people are existent together without acquire married. match to the Associated Press the break rate was gloomy to the lowest at 3. 6% (per 1000) since the 1970. The peak of divorce was in 1981 it was 5. 3% (per 1000). Some experts still say that marriages are as unstable as ever, but because couples are living together instead of marrying the rates are lower for marriages too. So it makes sense that the divorce would be down because non as many couples are getting married and living together instead and there is no data that shows at break-up unlike divorce has data.Nowadays, divorce is one of the most serious amicable problems that American society is currently facing. This is why it is extremely important to find out the main f spellors lend to the growth of the divorce rate and possible solutions of the problem. Families are structured through marriage and reproduction is needed to keep the family institutions health and operating in society. thither are many causes of divorce, just to name a few changing womans manipulations, lack of stability, domestic frenzy, and lack of communication, which are postgraduatelighted below.Some solutions to these problems are needed because divorce plays a very significant role in the life of society, family and each individual. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women comp permitely change in roles. In the past, men had to earn all the silver to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, since women realise no money leading to depend on husbands money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely changed forthwithadays. The quality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, race clothes as well as fondness for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by them to support their living cost. But this as I stated has been huge changes and not always accepted in all marriages. Next lets look at stability with the high rates of company down sizing. Many people are losing their highly paid job and each cant replace it or have to replac e it with a much lower paying job.This is a big problem because couples are not able to make their monthly mortgages and the relationship because very stressful. Many even have to turn to other resources such as government funded programs. Stress like this leads to divorce in some cases. Domestic violence is another big reason couples are getting divorce, because of the no- accuse divorce it is more accepted that if you want out of the marriage just go get a divorce. Prior to 1969, countries which permitted divorces also required validation by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage.This was termed grounds for divorce (popularly called fault) and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault. In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states and the a District of Columbia-New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a pen nib th is year (2010) permitting no-fault divorce.According to Time magazine women are simple happier with out men and father are not necessary. Media has a high impact on the belief that shows like Sex and the urban center are the new shape of society. Women are monetary stabile and dont need men for financial stability. Family Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you ever been to a traditional wedding? They are the most beautiful breath taking experience that you have ever seen many symbols like the exchange of rings, uniting candle, flowers, brides maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful white dress.Also weddings are a lot of fun too. They are the start of a family institution. On the flip side they are expensive and stressful for the couple at hand and the odds of staying together are only one out of every five marriages ended divorced within the first five years. Nowadays unlike the past more people are living together without getting married. According to the Associated Press the divorce rate was down to the lowest at 3. 6% (per 1000) since the 1970. The peak of divorce was in 1981 it was 5. 3% (per 1000).Some experts still say that marriages are as unstable as ever, but because couples are living together instead of marrying the rates are lower for marriages too. So it makes sense that the divorce would be down because not as many couples are getting married and living together instead and there is no data that shows at break-up unlike divorce has data. Nowadays, divorce is one of the most serious social problems that American society is currently facing. This is why it is extremely important to find out the main factors contributing to the growth of the divorce rate and possible solutions of the problem.Families are structured through marriage and reproduction is needed to keep the family institutions health and operating in society. There are many causes of divorce, just to name a few changing womans roles, lack of stability, domestic violence, and lack of communication, which are highlighted below. Some solutions to these problems are needed because divorce plays a very significant role in the life of society, family and each individual. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in roles.In the past, men had to earn all the money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, since women have no money leading to depend on husbands money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely changed nowadays. The equality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes as well as caring for children.It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by them to support their living cost. But this as I st ated has been huge changes and not always accepted in all marriages. Next lets look at stability with the high rates of company down sizing. Many people are losing their highly paid job and either cant replace it or have to replace it with a much lower paying job. This is a big problem because couples are not able to make their monthly mortgages and the relationship because very stressful. Many even have to turn to other resources such as government funded programs.Stress like this leads to divorce in some cases. Domestic violence is another big reason couples are getting divorce, because of the no-fault divorce it is more accepted that if you want out of the marriage just go get a divorce. Prior to 1969, countries which permitted divorces also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage. This was termed grounds for divorce (popularly called fault) and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault.In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states and the a District of Columbia-New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a bill this year (2010) permitting no-fault divorce. According to Time magazine women are simple happier with out men and father are not necessary. Media has a high impact on the belief that shows like Sex and the City are the new shape of society. Women are financial stabile and dont need men for financial stability.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Husks relationship with Jim becomes Increasingly close and respected as these chapters unwind. In the beginning of the book, both Houck and Jim are only briefly acquitted due to Jim working for girlfriend Watson as a knuckle down, who happens to be Husks legal guardian at the time. Even though both characters live under the same roof, neither of them pay much attention to one another due to the fact that slaves in the asses, degraded by the term naggers, would not be accepted into the white community as anything ore.However, despite Houck barely knowing him, he had noticed Miss Watson big Niger, named Jim(pig. 6) was physically large, very superstitious but capable of interpreting signs that could provide useful Information. We know this since Houck mentions that Jim, had a hair-ball as big as your fist, which had been took expose of the fourth stomach of an ox, and he used to do magic with It. He said there was a split Inside of I t, and It endowed everything. So I went to him that night and told him pap was here again, for I found his tracks In the snow.What I wanted to know, was, what e was going to do, and was he going to stay? . Once Husks travel starts by sailing down the Mississippi River he eventually comes across an island where he meets Jim once again. As both characters pay off a common background knowledge as to why they had ran away from their previous destinations, they decided to stick together and camp out for a couple of days. During this time, Houck pulled a childish prank on Jim which resulted in Jims leg swelling from a very poisonous snake bite.Even though Houck had caused Jim great pain, he decided to ignore it and Judged he was all 55) however, he slid out quiet and thrower the snakes Lear away amongst the bushes for I warrant going to let Jim find out It was all my fault, not If I could help which shows that he had little remorse for his actions and had no means to apologize. Later i n Chapter. 15, Houck and Jim are separated by fog while going down the river. Eventually Houck finds the sauceboat and is reunited with a rather drowsy Jim. Once Jim awakens he immediately shows his sincerest happiness to Husks survival. Unfortunately, for Jim, Husks childish behavior brings him to say Gone away? Why, what in the nation do you mean? I haunt been gone anywhere. Where would I go to? (pig. 87). However, Jim knows it was no dream of his and figures out that Houck had been lying and teasing him the entire time. We know that Jim is extremely pained by Husks behavior as he says When I got all wore out wide work, en wide De call door you, en went to sleep, my heart wiz bust bakes you wiz ISO, en I din Kerrey no what become err me en De raff.En when I wake up en fine you back gal., all expert en soon, De tears come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss F foot Xis so lie. Data truck dada is trash en trash is what people is date data puts dirt on De head err dye Freons en makes me ashamed. (pig. 9) meaning that he couldnt have been more worried when he had lost Houck and couldnt have been any happier when they were united, but could not understand why he would ever treat him in that way.Houck responds by saying It made me feel so means I could almost kissed his foot to get him to take it back. (pig. 89) and this is the first time he actually feels fault for his actions towards Jim, so guilty in fact, that Houck brings himself to apologize. This is a revolutionary moment in the book as both a white man and a slave are on moral ground of respect and resembles how close these two characters have become throughout these chapters.

Performance Management Plan Essay

Performance management plans are crucial to any business. The main focus of an effective execution of instrument management plan should be the employee, solely in order to align employee performance with organizational goals, we must also look at the foundation of the organizational structure. This is important because it will define the perplexity in which a performance plan will guide an employee.Currently Clapton Commercial Construction is a successful business, operating out of Michigan. The expansion of an already thriving organizational climate should be fairly smooth, and with our guidance we will ensure that the appropriate considerations are accommodated, such expansion to a diverse state, Arizona, and adding of 20% more employees. After looking into your current performance management plan, I would like to make the following suggestionsOrganizational goalsWhen we compared your current organizational goals to your existing performance management plan, we saw that there we re already successfully established tools for implementing training as well as measuring employee satisfaction, efficiency, and productivity. Training to the organizations desired result is commanding and being able to measure milestones along the path is just as important.TrainingTraining a diverse group of employees take a leaks the need for several different training modalities. Group trainings work well because it allows for information to be heard by the masses. The common d professfall to this is that many individuals learn in different ways. So having varies approachesensures a higher success regularize. Smaller focus groups work well to reach others on a more intimate level. The most important promoter in training, other than the training itself, is the ability to measure the results of the productivity that the training has created. By-annual evaluations that evaluate key factors in the training help to place a quantitive cheer on not only production but also on behavi ors. Documentation is important as well, because it records a standard that was set during strategic formulation that evaluations should be measured against.CommunicationOne of the key components of a truly effective performance management plan is communication. Establishing and maintaining this is critical because managers need to feel attached with their employees and vise versa. Feedback is a large part of our plan suggestion because it will assist in communicating the identified gaps in production. Currently your turnover rate is at 20%. Our goal with establishing better communication between management and employees is to see that percentage shrink. Feedback and coaching will has been proven to add to employee satisfaction (OPM.gov). feed communication allows for those within the organization to develop strong working relationships, which will result in a continuous flow of feedback and coaching. The 20% employee addition in this expansion is a great opportunity to incorpora te more employee participation in the further development of the performance management plan. Involving employees in this process with not only create a sense of ownership in the work that the employee puts out, but will also make it possible for employees to take responsibility for their own learning and development within the company.ConclusionIn conclusion, I would like to that Clapton Commercial Construction for trusting Atwood and Allen to assist with our expertise in your endeavor to create a successful performance management plan. As you grow and begin implementing this plan, we will follow up with evaluations to identify skill gaps and formulate resolutions to rectify them accordingly.ReferencesWWW.OPM.GOV performance management 2015

Social Work Management and Its Relevance to the Social Work Profession

SOCIAL WORK centering AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIAL WORK PROFFESSION LAUREN DA SILVA Introduction. .. 4 The neighborly sue duty . 5 schoolbooklist-item text editionlist-item textlist-item textlist-item Definition of anxiety.. textlist-item What is well-disposed name trouble?. 8 textlist-item textlist-item Case topic Management in virtuoso focal point familiarity service 13 textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item induction.. 9 App fireix 1. 20 List of Sources.. 21 INTRODUCTION Management and the direct and refinement of wariness sciences atomic number 18 by no actor a recent field of line of business. Basic eachy, as long as human worlds encounter been organizing themselves in groups to fulfil a common purpose or goal, nearly direct of management has been employed to keep things under control, running smoothly and to a greater extent effectively.In fact, one of the earliest recordings of a management technique quite a little be found in the Christian Bible in chapter 18 (verse 25) of the book of Exodus where after encountering numerous problems resulting from being the only if direct history to millions of Israelite populate, Moses decides to choose capable men from all Israel and made them be giveners of the concourse, officials over thousands, hundreds, fifties and tens (Exodus 1825 New International Version).Considering management has been go ford by human civilization since the beginning of its outliveence (even if it is done completely unwittingly), I find it rather surprising that management as a field of study has only been in existence since around 1890, when Frederick Taylor developed the Scientific Management Theory, which characterized the emphasis on scientific mea authenticment of tasks and use of highly mechanized, meeting place line and routine activities by spielers (Very Brief History of Management Theories). From amongst 1930 and 1950 Taylors management theory began to give way to Max Webbers bureaucratic Management Theory.He focused on dividing constitutions into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control (Very Brief History of Management Theories) and emphasized detailed, standardized operational structures with truly(prenominal) little room for flexibility (Very brief history of management theories). From accordingly on human rights groups like trade unions began to heavily influence brasss which in figure began creating legislation which reacted to these inhuman management structures. Human resource divisions were added to companies and it became common to fix the prosperity of the government activity to the wellbeing of its employees.Added to this, breakthroughs made in the human sciences fields of study played a strong portion in helping management to understand and take into consideration the conducts of doers (Very brief history of management theories). So, with the nervous impulse that management as a field of stud y has gained over the past century and the mark that it has left on system of rulesal functioning (hopefully for the better) as it has developed, its rele a new wavet-gardece to the amicable spurt profession is an serious topic of discussion.Over the course of this assignment I will be critically discussing tender influence management and its relevance to the mixer belong profession. I will alike use a case study to explain how management influences the strong suit and competency within One Way corporation Services (the non pro tick organization with which I train been placed for my practical work for this year). I will split off by introducing the complaisant work profession as it will be discussed in this essay, specifically within the context of non- wampum organizations.I will then define management as it is applied to both for and non -profit organizations and how these practices influence the success of non profit organizations. Then, I will define neighborly w ork management specifically and its relevance to the companionable work profession. Finally I will discuss the influence of mixer work management on social welf atomic number 18 servicing effectiveness within the non-profit organization with whom I have been placed for my practical work (One Way residential area Services) before I conclude with some closing thoughts on social work management.THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION In order to understand the relevance of social work management to the social work profession, I feel that it is of importance to have a clear understanding of the history of the social work profession, how it is currently defined and the context it kneads in. textlist-item textlist-item When Christianity was legalized by Emperor Constantine the first, the church started setting up poor houses, orphanages and homes for the aged and these were funded in part with grants from the Roman Empire.By 590, the early church had an established administration of circulating nutrition and consumables to the poor. In the Middle Ages, giving to the poor was considered part of ones religious duty and although it was common to give items like food and c portion outhing, the root causes of poverty however, were never addressed (History of soma work Wikipedia). textlist-item As a profession, social work began in the 19th century in America and the United Kingdom mainly because the poor were seen as threatening to the social order.When the industrial revolution began, the leap in technology and science as well led to increased migration to urban argonas which in turn lead to increased social problems which naturally lead to an increase in social activism. The settlement movement, during this age focused on the causes of poverty Research, reform and residence. They willd educational, legal and health serve ups that advocated reforms in social policy. unravelers in the settlement movement pioneered the immersement of workers in the culture of those t hey were helping. two pioneers in the establishment of social work as a profession were Mary Richmond (Mary Richmonds Charity Organization Society) and Jane Addams (Jane Addamss Settlement House Movement). They debated whether or not problems should be taken from a scientific method (Richmond) or immersion into the problem which blurred the boundary between professional and client (History of Social Work Wikipedia). The first social work class was offered at the University of Columbia in 1898 and in 1947 Lindeman affirmed criteria by which it could be seen as an actual profession.In 1957, Lindeman draw social work as being a profession only on the lower end of the using continuum. Encyclopaedia of Social Work(in SCK 407-G Study watch 13). After a few decades of the increased formalisation of social work, and an increased understanding of the skill it requires to understand people fully and to assistant them in helping themselves (SCK 407-G Study watch 14), Spiro et al (in SCK 407-G Study manoeuver 14) describes social work as having achieved a full-fledged professional stipulation.Since then social workers have taken the lead in developing programmes and organizations that have made a difference in the lives of people in require (NASW History of Social Work). 2. 2 CURRENT DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK The social work profession is described by the International Federation of Social Workers as a profession that promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. (International Federation of Social workers definition of social work) It is further defined by the National association of social workers as the professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities to enhance or restore their electrical condenser for social functioning and to have societal conditions favourable to their goals. Zastrow (in SCK 102-X Study extend 157) Basically, social work profession definitions all point to peoples relationship between themselves and their social environments, a concern for social functioning, problems, makes, policy, institutions and wellbeing and ongoing interaction between individuals, groups and communities (SCK 102-X Study Guide 159). textlist-item The social work profession adopts to understand the contexts within which it works (SCK 407-G Study guide 14), and for the purposes of this assignment, one of those contexts is the organization.Social workers hardly ever operate by themselves, in isolation of some sort of organization most of the clipping the organization is a non-profit but it not unheard of to find a social worker being employed by a for-profit organization for the sake of the wellbeing of its employees. O rganizations exist to meet the needs of people and as history has evolved, people have realized that human needs are better met with collective efforts (SCK 407-G Study guide 15) and social needs are no exception, thereof social work is also practiced in organizations, particularly welfare or non-profit organizations (SCK 407-G Study Guide 15).In addition to this, social workers actions are sanctioned and considerable to these organizations (SCK 408-H Study Guide 13). A non-profit organization is characterized most importantly by the fact that the people knotty for a case different than benefitting fiscally (they are actually banned from doing so) and that a non-profit organization usually meets a need or goal of the e genuinelyday or a sub piece of the public that supports its existence (SCK 407-G Study Guide 17).As mentioned earlier, one subject of non-profit organization in which the social work operates in, is the welfare organization (and for the purposes of this assignme nt will be used inter-changeably with the term non-profit organization). Dealing with people directly The core activities are interactions between the public (customers) and the round of the organization The results of the rendered service are unenviable to predict There are many interested partied involved The organization is provideed by professional people all belonging to organized professions Organizations are highly dependent on their environments.Organizational factors influence how social work services are organized, delivered and evaluated (SCK 407-G Study Guide 124) and so it makes sense that the management of this organizational context would play a big role in the quality of social work services that are rendered, the next section we will introduce the concept of management and how effective management of a non-profit organization keep improve its services before exploring how a specific grapheme of management (Social work management), is specifically needed for the special take exceptions facing the social work profession within the non-profit organizational context.DEFINITION OF anxiety Management is defined by dictionary. com as being The act, manner, or practice of managing handling, supervision, or control management of a crisis management of factory workers the person or persons who control or direct a business or other enterprise skill in managing executive ability. (Dictionary. com Management) It is also defined by Kroontz & Weihrich (in SCK 408-H Study Guide 16) as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected aims. From this definition we target see a number of things Management helps to facilitate & guide the actions of people and the use of resources towards accomplishing a specific goal. Management is responsible for creating an environment in which people can perform optimally thus increasing productivity. Management can be utilized i n any type of organization Management also consists of 4 or so (depending on the source) basic management tasks which are perfomed in order for every task that is carried out. These basic management tasks are imagening, organization, activation & control. textlist-item Management has a number of benefits when used correctly in any organization, adapted from Weinbach (in SCK 408-H Study guide128) a number of which are listed below Management provides a structure for employee accountability. Management provides a structure for employee discipline. Management provides a structure for the co-ordination of a number of activities by a number of people all resulting in the accomplishment of the desired goal. Management provides the structures and representation for evaluation of employee and organizational writ of execution.Management provides an indication of where the organization stands within the greater environmental context Management structures provide guidelines for employee beh aviour Management provides a vehicle for the improvement and expansion of employee knowledge and skills. Aside from the many benefits management has for the organization as a whole, trusty enough management is also associated with a number of benefits experienced by employees. Here are a few as listed by Brian Amble (Benefits all round from good talent management) Employees feel more than engaged by their workEmployees feel more satisfied with their lineages overall Employees feel more satisfied with their companies overall Employees are more likely to have confidence in the future of the organizations at which they are employed Employees have a positive impression of the people in management perplexs they believe that the work load is managed effectively and that people in senior spatial relations value the input of all employees and see it as an important portion to the success of the organization. Employees feel a strong sense of romp securityEmployees feel that their pe rformance is evaluated fairly Employees experience more feelings of personalised accomplishment In summary, when employees are satisfied, productivity increases and when productivity is high in any given organization, it can be said with great certainty that the management of that organization is fulfilling its role in qualification sure that the organization is running as effectively and efficiently as possible, resulting not only in a more combative organization but an organization that is a better place for its employees to work.WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT? Social work management is defined by Trecker (1971, in SCK 408-H Study Guide 16) as the quest Social work administration (management) is the process of working with people in ways that release and relate their energies so that they use all available resources to accomplish the purpose of providing needed union services and programs. Here one can see that this definition that relates specifically to social work manageme nt but that the definition is exceptionally similar to those of management as stated in the previous section in the following ways Both refer to the co-ordination of people and resources to facilitate the accomplishment of a specific goal. Both refer to the creation of an environment in which an organization and the people in the organization can function optimally (ensuring maximum productivity).On first glance it would appear that management and social work management are two terms which refer to the same thing, but that is not really the case. Although the functions of management and social work management are essentially the same, the difference is that in the case of a non-profit or welfare organization, although effective management is most definitely required, social work management is the ideal. This is because success for this type of organization requires more than just management, it requires a breadth of view, rooted in social work knowledge and values Teichman in Slavin (in SCK 407-G Study Guide 133).An article by Mind tools called Managing in non-profit organizations, states that theatre directors need more than just management skills to succeed and that they need a clear understanding of the very specific record of non-profit organizations (Managing in non-profit organizations). Teichman goes further to state that employing a manager instead of a social worker could actually have a negative impact on this type of organization. Teichman in Slavin (in SCK 407-H Study Guide 133).The purposes of a non-profit or welfare organization are go around accomplished when someone has a professional social work education and some experience. This in combination with a strong identification with social work values and ethics AND preparedness in management is ideal and exactly what a welfare organization needs to fully accomplish its goals in the most productive way possible (SCK 407-G Study Guide 133). textlist-item The relevance of social work management can be found when the unique challenges facing non-profit and welfare organizations and the wider context in which these operate are considered. textlist-item A challenge facing social work management which does not exist in other organizations is the absence of the profit motive. In for-profit organizations the motivation for the existence as well as personal involvement in the organization is financial gain (profit), this motive does not usually exist in non-profit organizations as the organization exists to provide a service to others and if workers are paid employees, remuneration is generally not as high as with for-profit organizations.For this reason it is fair to say that people choose to work in non-profit organizations because they identify with the cathexis and/ or vision of the organization or because they have other personal reasons for joining the organization (it is important to note however that this is not always the case and there are some exceptions). It is thus important for social work management to understand what motivates their paid police squad and to use this motivation to increase worker effectiveness and talent.Providing incentive that links the worker personally to the organizational bursting charge rather than career orientated incentives like promotion faculty be more effective (Managing in non-profit organizations). A social worker in management is more qualified for this type of thing because social workers are especially trained in the art of understanding people in their totality and these skills can easily be used in different contexts including management contexts. textlist-item In for-profit organizations, profit gives an overall measure of effectiveness and energy of the organization as it is concrete and easy to measure(SCK 407-G study guide 129). In non-profit organization it is not as easy to measure the effectiveness and readiness of the organization as firstly, each organization decides for itself (depending on its vision and mission) what the criterion are.Social workers have an advantage in that their understanding of human condition and the root causes of poverty and this might help them to quantify a way that would enable them to notice if the services of the non-profit organization in question have actually improved it. For this reason I believe that social work management is relevant to the social work profession. textlist-item In a non-profit organization income is not really proportional to how many people make use of your product or services in comparison to for-profit organizations where this relationship is directly proportional (SCK 407-G study guide 130).Non-profit organizations need to rely on grants from government and donations from other organizations and individuals in the public for the means to continue its existence (as adequate finances are indispensible for the increased frequency of service provision as well as the improvement in quality of these services). An ad ded dynamic is that non-profit organizations normally cooperate with other organizations (discussed later), but have to compete for moderate finances.This means that social work managers need to be very careful when using their resources responsibly, in a sustainable way and at the same time balance donor expectations (which usually involve wanting to see money go directly to the beneficiaries when a lot of money also needs to go into operating expenses)(Managing in non profit organizations). In addition to this social workers also need to master another skill which a manager in a for-profit organization would probably never need.I do not believe that a social work manager would necessarily be better at this task as in my opinion it would not really require skills specific to the social work profession but rather skills specific to financial management, public relations and marketing. textlist-item Non-profit organizations are also different to for-profit organizations in that inst ead of competing with other organizations that render similar services, it actually pays to cooperate with them. This is because a non-profit organizations situation improves if ts clients are made independent of its services or if it has less customers than its talent limit. It also get a lines better service to the client. Cooperation with similar organizations is a good way to achieve this (SCK 407-G Study Guide 131). A special skill required for the social work manager is that of the ability to network and form partnerships with other organizations. This embroils the ability to influence these relationships for the organizations and clients benefits (Management in non-profit organizations). textlist-item Social work management also has the unique task of managing unpaid staff as in a non-profit organization, volunteers could sometimes out number paid staff. Volunteers need to be managed like any other human resource staffing planning, job descriptions, performance management and evaluation as well providing appropriate awards and actions that could lead to the termination of services (non-profit specific management skills). In addition to this, a manager needs to manage volunteers and paid staff in such a way that ensures that all feel valued and motivated equally.Social work management is also more effective in terms of this challenge as in addition to management skills which they possess which dispense with them to form suitable job descriptions, planning the roles of volunteers into the organizational structure and managing them with the same professionalism as other volunteers, they possess skills needed to understand human behaviour and what motivates people, and then using this understanding to ensure motivation of volunteers as discussed in section 4. . 1. textlist-item In most cases, there is a vast difference in the availability of technology to assist in the accomplishment of organizational goals when one compares non-profit and for-profit organizations. In for-profit organizations, the application of technology is precise in its application and in non-profit organizations there is a wide affirm of responses to a hold number of techniques (case, group and community work).The technology used in social work is therefore very vague and imprecise in comparison, making it difficult to predict results and link cause and effect in relation to technology used in social work (SCK 407-G study guide 132). The social work managers task is to understand the technology used in the profession and also develop means to use it the most effective and efficient ways possible minimizing its disadvantages and maximizing its benefits.The social work manager is also better suited to handle this challenge as the social work manager spends most of his or her time in professional train mastering the techniques mentioned above and so he or she is in the best position to understand them the most and thus use them most effectively. textlist-i tem Non-profit organizations possess another unique trait in that the climate in which it operates is very often emotionally charged and draining.Employees and volunteers very often become personally involved in what they do and their clients and although this sometimes does mean that they are highly motivated and committed to what the organization does, it also leaves them drained and sometimes traumatized by the situations that they encounter. This becomes a luck factor as it leaves employees demoralized and sometimes even desensitized by their experiences and their productivity decreases.Although workers at for-profit organizations experience some form of emotional distress at their place of work, it is the nature of this distress (usually stress related to the pace at which the organization moves and not the emotionally content of the work done) which makes it different to what is experienced at non-profit organizations It takes a wise and highly competent manager to negotiate this challenge in such a way that does not create a sterile and uncaring environment which at the same time does not create a space which leaves employees emotionally drained and exhausted.This, according to Jean Roberts requires an organizational commitment to reducing the possibility of risk by allocating resources to the identification, analysis and prevention of risk and monitoring the cause and effects of this risk and managing it effectively (Added Human risk for non profit organizations). Social work managers are once again better fitted out(p) at navigating these kinds of situations because of their knowledge of and probably their experience with the nature of the social work profession and the kinds of situations are encountered.A social work manager would need to immix the social work skills of empathy and the advanced skills with skills related specifically to management (creating structures and roles as well as allocating resources within the organization) to reduce th e risk of this challenge without removing the personal nature of the work done in non-profit organizations. textlist-item Just as much as management in for-profit organizations need a strong knowledge of the laws and policies influencing the nature of the services and products that are rovided to the public, so the management of the non-profit organization needs a strong knowledge of policies and legislation that relate specifically to the kinds of services rendered by the organization (child welfare laws, fundraising laws, laws relating to non-profit organizational management structure) as well as policies relating to employment of employees, human resources and income tax laws (non profit specific management skills).In addition to this, non-profit organizations have an ethical responsibility towards improving and changing legislation and policy to better meet the needs of the people it is supposed to help and serve (SCK411-C Study Guide 166). Board members and management need to h ave strong working knowledge of the various agencies and organizations that influence legislation as well as rules and regulations effecting government and private funding this is most definitely a non-profit specific management skill (non profit management skills).Social work management is best fitted out(p) for this unique attribute of the non-profit organization sector. Once again social workers are trained in the knowledge of legislation and policy that specifically effects the profession and the organizations in which it operates.This puts social work management in the position it needs to be in to not only react to these policies by complying with them and making sure that the organization stays on the right side of the law, but it being on the forefront of service delivery also allows it to be in the best position to make important recommendations to how policies and legislation can be changed for the betterment of the profession and overall, to improve the lives of the pe ople who make use of these services.CASE STUDY MANAGEMENT IN ONE WAY COMMUNITY SERVICES One Way club Services is a section 21 company, non-profit organization, which focuses mainly on community development. It was started as the response of One Way Community Church to the needs it saw within its local community the Vaal Triangle (which consists of cutting edgederbijlpark, Vereeniging, Sasolburg and the surrounding t take inships). (One way Community Services Brochure).One Way Community Services was started 9 years ago and its emphasis is on community development, specifically in the focal points of children and human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. The organization is proudly South African and firmly believes in the purpose and potential locked up in the lives of the people they work with (One Way Community Services Brochure). They have six core values which they try and incorporate into everything that they do and these are Unconditional love, compassion, faith, excellence, brightn ess and fun.Projects which are run by One Way Community Services include Ikageng Shelter for homeless boys, Khanya Khaya Home for abandoned girls, One Way Early learning center, Breakfast club, Princess project, Public infirmary play time and once off community renovations (more information almost these projects can be found in the attached One Way Community Services Brochure). Currently, One way Community Services employs five full time staff members 2 full time volunteers. The management team consists of Ellouise Jansen Van Vuuren who is the managing director, as well as four other people from various spheres of the community (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). textlist-item I met with the managing director of One Way Community Services, Ellouise Jansen van Vuuren who is a qualified social worker who was trained at UNISA. Ellouise fits the description of social work management as described in section 4 and that is why I decided to interview her for the purposes of this assignment. It is im portant to remember that while reading the findings of this case study that they represent the frame of reference (proposition 7 of the person centered approach) and perceptions (proposition 2 of the person centered approach) of Ellouise within the context of her organization (Grobler et al 2006 50 &69).I have however tried as far as possible to indicate contextual information as such as it could have an effect of my overall conclusion at the end of this assignment. textlist-item When asked where her organization would be without management, Ellouise simply responded, nowhere (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). When I asked her to elaborate she said that management literally makes the difference between life and expiry for any kind of organization, no matter if they were for-profit or non-profit.She also said that the difference between a terrible organization, a good organization and a great organization usually has very little to do with the type of service it renders but the quality of th e management. She mentioned further that administration and management keep the wheels number in her organization and that one could have all the best intentions and resources in the world but if management was not there to administer them, they would not be used to their fullest potential (effectively speaking effectively and efficiently)(Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. The benefits of planning Ellouise said that the management function of planning has helped her organization to increase its effectiveness and efficiency largely in the area of how they use their finances. When it comes to government funding, the organization needs to submit a financial plan to the incision of social development on how they plan on spending the money that they need almost 6 months in advance. This not only helps them to identify the resources needed for the next year but it also forces them to plan their activities and calendar a cutting edge of time too (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).This means that things no longer happen haphazardly, but intentionally as the organization deems necessary. This type of planning allows the organization to be purposeful about its priorities. The things that they say are important to them and are priority for them to do to fulfil their goals and objectives (as well as their mission and vision) can now happen according to a schedule which allows them to be as overdressd as possible for these events this is because they know that they are coming and prepare adequately for them, and the more prepared they are, the more effective and efficient their services can be (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). . 1. 1. 2 The benefits of organizing Organizing by a manager at One Way Community Services involves meeting with people from different departments, meeting with the management committee and the marketing team and arranging with them the different activities that need to be done and who needs to do them. Ellouise, who is the managing director, oversees the variou s areas within the organization and is constantly concerned with the bigger picture and how every department fits in with the others but leaves the smaller details and nitty-grittys of running each department or project to the department or project heads.Each project head then has a team that works under them and so this ensures that Ellouise does organizing for the organization as a whole but each project has a team that organizes activities and responsibilities for that specific department or project (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). This ensures (as mentioned earlier), that Ellouise can focus on the bigger picture of the organization in that when she looks at the organization as a whole she makes sure that its meeting its mission and vision while projects and departments are making sure that they meet their own objectives (which contribute to the rganizations mission and vision). Organizing in One Way Community Services also has an added benefit of ensuring service effectiveness and effi ciency and that is because when jobs, time, departments etc are organized, things stand a better find oneself of actually being done. When things get done, service is delivered and when service is delivered in a certain way by certain people it is also easier to evaluate which means that it is easier to improve (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).Ensuring that everyone has a specific role and that departments and projects are well organized also ensures employee and volunteer security in that they know what is expected of them. Ellouise has found that people who are unsure of what is expected of them and how what they do fits into the bigger picture, are less motivated and productive than their counterparts who have a clear understanding of where they fit within the organization and a specific project (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. The benefits of activating Activating in One Way Community Services takes place by the setting into motion of the plans, people and departments that have been organized. Having everybody actually performing the role that has been assigned to them vastly increases the capacity of the organization. Ellouise noted that when you give somebody a responsibility, you need to be serious about it because a lot of the time people are given responsibilities as a token measure but they do not really function in it.She mentioned a simple example of telling someone they were in charge of answering the phone , sending faxes and making photocopies if you are always answering the phone before that person and doing the faxing and photocopying yourself you are doing yourself, the organization and the employee or volunteer a disservice. For an organization to truly maximize its capacity and in doing so increasing its efficiency, you need to play people at their strengths and let them do what they are supposed to do.She said that if she was the only one doing the work in the organization, there would be no leading or future planning or big picture thinking a nd the organization would be limited to only what she could do but when you start relying on other people to do what was planned to the capacity of the organization expands and you are able to do more (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. 4 The benefits of control Control takes place in 3 key areas at One Way Community Services Finances, staff performance and project progress (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).Financial control takes place via auditing of the organizations books which takes place once a year, an accountant on the management team that does book charge of the books once a month, quarterly expenditure reports, 6 monthly progress reports, all the money that enters and leaves the organization (even cash), must go through the back account and there are 2 signatories and passwords on the bank account (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). All of these measures project the organization from financial mismanagement and it enhances accountability and transparency.This improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization because these measures ensure that funds are not easy to spend which means they are not easy to mismanage thus making them difficult to waste or spend unnecessarily. When financial resources are used optimally the effectiveness of the services provided by One way Community is increased and efficiency is improved (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Control of staff performance is maintained through 6 monthly appraisals and weekly staff meetings. Management also does its best to create climate of trust amoungst the staff so that it is easier to talk about things (Jansen Van Vuuren).These measures enhance accountability between staff members and management but they also allow for the improvement of performance by staff members. Receiving regular feedback at staff meetings and more in-depth, specific feedback at appraisals are done in a very constructive way which encourage the improvement of performance and the development of skills. When staff members receive feed back in such a way that motivates them to improve themselves and how they do their work, effectiveness and efficiency of the organization improves (Jansen Van Vuuren).Measures that provide control for projects and different departments are department heads filling in quarterly reports which are submitted to the management team for review, unmitigated policies regarding the spending of money and accountability measures which put project leaders directly responsible for money spent as well as objectives for each department and project which are determined before hand against which projects are evaluated. These provide a guideline for project leaders and department heads to keep track of their own performance and they know against what criteria they will be evaluated in the future (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).These measures provide both a yardstick for success as well as a means of using that yardstick. When projects and departments know how they measure success they can not only streamli ne their activities to meet their goals but they also have a means of evaluating their success and determining where to make changes if they are necessary. Any form of evaluation and positive change as a result can only hold positive results for the quality of the services rendered by the organization as activities that are evaluated and adjusted constantly, improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of those services (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). textlist-item I will now discuss how Ellouise being a social worker in a management position improves the effectiveness and efficiency of social welfare services rendered at One Way Community Services. At the onset of our interview, I asked Ellouise if she felt that as a qualified social worker in a management position she had an advantage when it came to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of services rendered at One way Community Services, her serve was definitely, (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).When asked to explain why she thinks so s he said that she had previously been involved in the management committee of another non profit organization and being the only social worker, she noticed that although her colleges had the best of intentions, their overlook of understanding of the context of community development and how to properly identify needs, a lot of the time lead to money being put into projects which were nice thoughts, but made no real difference to the root causes of poverty or the real needs experienced by the people.Basically money gets wasted on good ideas when people do not have a proper understanding of the theory empennage the profession. She went further to say that she wondered how much financial resource had been put into projects that made no real difference in the lives of people they were intended to reach and what kind of a country we would be living in today if management of some non profit organizations had some form of social work training (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).I will now explain the specific experiences One Way Community services has had with the unique challenges facing non-profit and welfare organizations (as mentioned in section 4. 1) and if social work management has been able to assist the organization in improving its effectiveness and efficiency as a result. textlist-item Ellouise agreed that the absence of the profit motive existed in non-profit organizations. The staff at One way Community Services are not motivated by corporate money or the ladder or promotion and success but she knows that every person does need money to survive (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).At One Way Community services, management uses principles of the person centred approach like self determination (proposition 4) (which Ellouise learned as part of her social work training) to handle problems that arise as a result of the absence of large salaries etc. They do not beg anyone to stay and freely allow any employee to leave the organization is not servicing their needs. They also do th eir best to hire the right people for the job people who are motivated by the desire to help others. This eliminates a lot of problems that can occur later.The organization also tries to keep their staff motivated by regular team building, staff meetings, socials and one on one chats between employees and management (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). I can see that Ellouise as the managing director has used a lot of the person centred theory she learnt as a social worker in the interaction with her staff, she however, doesnt seem to think that her social work training has left her in a much better position than someone in management who has not had training in the field of social work (Jansen van Vuuren). 5. 1. 2. 2 The absence of the profit measureThe lack of profit measure has proved a challenge for One Way Community Services management because outcomes of the services that they deliver can be very vague to quantify at times (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Ellouises training as a social worker has however put her in a position where is better able to identify guidelines and objectives for development projects and departments that fit in with the theory that she learnt as part of her training which in turn fit in with development standards like empowerment of participants and encouraging independence in the organizations clients.Objectives for the boys shelter and girls home for example include reunifications with families because the organization understands the importance of releasing people to independence rather than dependence on the organization. Ellouise has also promoted the importance of sustainability within the organization which is also something she learnt to be important during her studies (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). In this instance, it is clear how social work training can be used by management to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of social welfare services within an organization. textlist-item The sources of financial support at One Way Community Serv ices include grants from government, donations from members of the public and funds brocaded by the newly established marketing team (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Ellouise said that her specific training for social work didnt really help her in these areas. She agrees that it is a unique challenge that management in for-profit organizations would not have to face and that she would probably not have been trained in fundraising if she studied a management degree.She said that perhaps social worker students from other institutions received more input on how to raise funds and work with government funding but she did not feel that she did. She did mention that just being exposed to the social welfare context as a student may have helped her a little bit but she did not feel that as a social worker she had any real advantage over a manager without her training in social work and that she had to stumble around blindly for a while before she got her bearings and figured out how to go about th ings (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).I believe that the problem in this instance is not necessarily with social work management in itself but rather the training Ellouise received as a social worker. If I look at this case study in isolation, taking no other evidence from other organizations into account, I would have to say that social work management has not been able to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the social welfare services of One Way Community Services in this specific situation. textlist-item One Way Community Services has a lot of relationships and networks with other organizations like the Vaal partnership for Street Children, Over the Wall and One Life (to name a few). Ellouise says that networks play a big part in what they do and that they assist the organization greatly in the accumulation of financial, support and knowledge resources (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).Once again Ellouise said that her training as a social worker didnt necessarily prepare her for collabo ration and that a lot of what she learnt about how to go about it and who to collaborate with, she learnt as she went along. She mentioned that in her specific case, what was emphasised more during her training was the specific approaches that must be followed and not really the day to day running life of organizations. She mentioned that her practical placements helped to prepare her a lot but in

Progress Conference Essay

AGENDAWhat atomic number 18 the points which I was able to do correctly?What are my parking lot mistakes in musical composition?Is my topic broad enough to cover the essential parts?Are my sources credible and relevant to the topic Im writing about?Will my progress plan be effective, or should I redo it and think of other approaches?REVISIONOriginal paragraph In the character reference appointment, Chuck Hanrahan raised an issue on the bother of illegal immigrants in the United States. He believes existing federal laws are the solution to the problem. What is lacking is the political will to implement them by the right agency. The full of life thinking techniques of Brown and Keeley (2006) will serve as the model for this exercise. Hanrahans arguments are outlined below.The problem can be solved only by addressing respective demand and go forth factors. The government needs political will to implement fully laws concealment illegal immigrant workers.Revised In the case assign ment, Chuck Hanrahan raises an issue on the problem of illegal immigrants in the United States. He believes that existing federal laws are the solution to the problem. What is lacking is the political will to implement them by the right agency. The model to be used as a guide for this case assignment will be that of Brown and Keeley (2006). Hanrahans arguments are outlined below.The problem can be solved only by addressing respective demand and supply factors. The government needs political will to fully implement laws covering illegal immigrant workers.ParaphrasingOriginal referenced textBy not using critical thinking techniques, management analysts may limit their views and opinions that prevent scrutiny of problem situation and unwittingly are led to the wrong solutions by decision traps (Langlois, G. 2007). reiterateCritical thinking techniques help management analysts to urinate a broader view of a problem, leading to the right solutions and away from decision traps.PROGRESS C HECK cardinal of the main problems that I encountered is about talking and coordinating with other people. In order to solve this problem, I need toAssess which information that I have is relevant or not.Decide on what course of action I have to take if the problem arises.Writing sentences which are clear and concise no matter what length it is.

Bill Clinton and leadership Essay

For the purpose of this paper, I have chosen the political draw and the former(prenominal) president of the United States, Bill Clinton as the subject of my essay. This paper is based on two of his autobiographical intensitys which were based on his early childhood as well as his life before, during and after his presidency. The halt My Life is an autobiographical notice by Bill Clinton himself. He is the sole author of the book which was create in the year 2004. The book clearly outlines the various events of his life.These events pertained to the inauguration of Clinton as the 42nd president of the United States of the States. This second volume, the first existence a memorial by Adam by the name of Bill Clinton, puts Clintons status in the office as the epic fall and the term of redemption. This was mostly indicated like much(prenominal) I the book due to the disastrous failure which came bout due to the actions of Mack McLarty, the white house chief of staff, as well as the comfortable behavior of Clinton and the relationship with Hilary Clinton which was more emphatically and influential than his specific term.The years of 1993-1994 are show as the time where things were falling apart for both America as well as the Clintons. However the period following that pertaining to 1995-1996 the book depicts Clinton as In terms of the leading and presidency Bill Clinton was much prospered as being the revolutionary and sensible politician who with the support of his first lady was able to make America as the greatest nation of ply in the world. The book also made use of many military metaphors to describe the situation the context of the book.It was highly apparent by reading the book that it was mostly about the evolution and change in the disposition of Bill Clinton following his inauguration as the President of the United States. The change in him depicted him as being an arch baby boomer to the undisputed leader of his country. The accounts c ev erywhereed by Clinton were very much expected as he takes into account the bogus scandal of Whitewater, the un honest dalliance with Monica Lewinsky as well as his attempts at managing and balancing the budget for the United Stated of America.Other topics covered in the book also pertain to the Middle Eastern crisis and the peace plan proposed by him. However the more illuminating topics those were discusses in the book related to his personality and his life on a much personal note. This depicted the strength he showed as a person and how ,much the person as developed, and matured over the years in terms of his decision making him an ideal president for the United States during his time at the white house. The book itself however is ill organize and quite chaotic.The precedent for this which can be ascertained for the events following and surrounding the launch of the book as well as the statement given by Bill Clinton himself was that the book is basically the picture into his l ife and the various significant events that took place in it. It is very much like the efforts of a small schooling boy however the content varies in terms of several topics and themes. The period of the presidency is treated like a rush period where the events merge into distributively other and the timeline is haphazard skipping large time variables in some instances.However despite the lack of maturity in the book, and the ill organization of the content the book did become a best seller, its sales even surpassing the sales of the memoirs of Hilary Clinton. The book My Life by Bill Clinton suffered criticism for the former advisor of Clintons Dick Morris who wrote a rebuttal by the name of Because HE Could. Through this book, Dick Morris set right and pointed pout the various inaccuracies which were present in the autobiographical account by Bill Clinton. The authors view on leadership however pertains to a more peaceful and negotiation based method of employing power and maki ng use of it.Bill Clinton is of the opinion that in order to be able to run the country, a dictatorship is not the answer, instead innovative and democratic methods pertaining to ventilation of ideas across the card is a much better way of conducting managerial tasks. The author has stated through his autobiographies as well that the bet for of leadership is when the leader takes into account the point of view of those around him, gathering the specialized intellect available and then unanimously voting on the most beneficial and bell effective resultant role/ decision for the specific issue or case.This is a very democratic approach to decision making. However in the form of leadership described by Bill Clinton, it is essential to have a formal figurehead as this has the effect of providing the followers and the general population with one dry pint of view as well as a unified direction. The decision itself may be a democratic one however the proceedings to be carried out have t o be collaborative in nature dictates from one source. The aspect of democratic leadership can be applied to the leadership for schools. The reason for this is that the political landscape pertaining to the role of leadership is much institutionalized.This is the same case with schools and colleges which are institutionalized as well with a formal set of rules and ethical code of conduct. However the differences settle in relative to the size of the operation. The operations conducted by Clinton were extensive, even global in nature. The scope for the school is restricted moderately limited inn terms of the resources available, the staff participation and the relevance and long term effect of the decision making. However the same principle of school leadership as a form of democratic leadership can be employed.School leadership can be employed using democratic leadership styles characteristic of Bill Clinton by giving autonomy as well as decision making power to the lower staff and managers for their operations as well. This is an important component of the democratic leadership as the management and staff is usually the closest entity to the students and can understand their issues and problems much better. Moreover by being close to the students in terms of proximity the staff is also able to observe them and make them provide inputs for the prospective solution to the problem and the long term strategic goals of the institution.This information can be gathered form the expert and specialized managers and staff in the school and then relayed on to the appointed leader. The chairwoman for the board of directors of the school can then take this information in to account as well as any other information that would be reported by the management and the staff. After performing a cost benefit analysis and the long term strategy and profitability analysis the board of directors would be able to ascertain upon the main strategy for the school and how the issues nee d to be addressed.The above mentioned format for leadership enables almost all the members of the organization to participial and conduct a two way communication with the leader or the leaders of the organization. The solutions and strategies formed through this method are more accepted by all those concerned an in the long run are mostly effective as well. In terms of applying the leadership techniques and theories mentioned in the book and good by Bill Clinton clearly depict that the leader has to be an enigmatic person who has charisma and charm to carry out the role of being a figurehead and a liaison to the elements in the external environment.These views would enable me to hold a position of leadership in the school by making the oath students aware of the characteristics that I have for being a potential leader as well as the communication and negotiation skills that would enable me to conduct discussions with them pertaining to the solution of the issues and the problems t hat hand. Aside from this the enigmatic personality is good for public relations as well as gaining the confidence and support of those around me. References 1. Clinton, B. , (2004), My Life, Publisher Knopf, ISBN-10 0375414576

Microwave Oven and Brand Image Essay

Operations Strategy at Galanz- One Page Summary basis Galanz is the world leader in selling microwave ovens with 60% of the domestic market and 44. 5% of the internationalistic market in 2003. The lodge was founded in 1978 by Liang Qingde. Its headquarters are located in Shunde, China. In 1991 it bought the blueprints and production lines of Toshibas microwave ovens and made its first microwave in 1992. In 1995 Galanz replaced Shell galvanizing as the leading microwave manufacturer in China. The next year Galanz started a six year price war and Toshiba and Panasonic had limited the magnetron supply.In 1997 the company started developing its own magnetron and finally in 2003 the company finally received some recognition in the overseas market. Internal Analysis A aptitude to Galanz is its position in the domestic market. It is the largest company with a large customer base and a closely known brand. It has developed its supply chain which is vertically integrated and this is al so a key strength. As the company grew the importance of mental home and developing its own R&D became to a greater extent and more apparent and this is a strength.Weaknesses to Galanz are its low brand awareness in the international markets and misfortunate guidance structure which is mettlesomely centralized. The company also overlooks data records and codes of practice which is a large feebleness because it shows poor concern and commitment to ethics. The final weakness would be its conflict between the R&D de take upment and production departments. Since this can slow down production and innovation. Galanz uses a low cost dodge but also tries to incorporate product innovation. External AnalysisNow that Galanz creates most of its own split (about 90%) for its microwaves it has great opportunity in increasing its R&D and producing tallly in advance(p) products. It also has opportunity to improve on its brand image in the international market and bring in more ma rket share. A threat to Galanz is the possible lawsuits from governments because of its highly aggressive low price war. another(prenominal) threat is Galanz becoming too focused on OEM and having to compete with strategic partners and potentially losing orders.Galanz is positive in the bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, and threat of new entrants parts of the five forces model. It is a very large company with large demand and it can influence the decisions and prices of its suppliers easily. The barriers to entry are high since the suppliers of the megnetrons are limiting the amount produced. Although there are a few substitutes for microwaves, they are not gruelling because to other product can do what a microwave does.The intensity of the competition is very high and this is Galanz only negative factor. Summary of key SWOTs, key success factors, and key risk factors Galanzs strengths would overwhelm its size and its vertically inte grated value chain. Its recognition of the growing concern to stress the importance of R&D and product innovation is also key. Galanz weaknesses are its low brand awareness, centralized management structure, the internal conflict between departments, and ignoring the codes of practice.Opportunities of the company are to continue to increase its R&D departments and improve its brand image internationally. Threats include possible lawsuits from governments and too much focus on OEM part of its business. The STEP factors of the industry show that Galanz is doing well in the technological and economic parts but is weak in the social and political side. The company must focus on its low cost schema and continue to develop its value chain internationally.It will be risky for Galanz to enter markets where its brand is not well known. It is also risky for the company to start focusing too much on innovation since this may lead it away from its original successful low cost strategy. C hallenge Statement or Question How can Galanz adapt its competitive strategy and its mass production system to meet the needfully of the industry and the demands of the customers, and establish a well known brand image while continuing to shed a large market share and bringing value to its stakeholders?

The Mbuti Tribe

Ashley J sensations ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology March 04, 2012 Introduction The way of look-time in a distant African rain forest where harsh climate and availability of resources were common, the Mbuti tribe were forage society that hunt and gather and live in a band of 10-50 concourse. Their environment influenced their modes of subsistence, cultural aspects and life-style in a deep-seated system. A culture norm wholey describes a method of concepts, outlook, notions and vocabulary, which examines the way of life of a specific group of people with similar interests.The cultural system defines and forms necessary activities, views, opinions and interactions among people and their cultures, as well as their surrounding. The central African Mbuti or Bambuti tribe comprised an indigenous people who live deep down and on the border of the Congo basin rainforest in the Central African Republic of Congo. Their language f everys into a classification of the Nilo -Saharan phylum. These groups of indigenous people, primarily settles in the Ituri forest. The forest is a component of a vast tropical rainforest within the Congo basin.This region receives higher precipitations distributively year, ranges between 50-70 inches meter of rain. The long duration of rain are interrupted by short periods of dry season for two months. The region is wet and humid all year round, and has various lakes and rivers. The community experienced difficulties such as diseases, which is prevalent due to humidity and plenty of rain that contributes to the scarcity of their food supplies. The rapid spread of diseases claims people and animals, and as well as shortage of food.Tsetse flies limit the breeding of large animals, which causes sleeping distemper. The inhabitants of the Bambuti tribe is roughly 30-40 thousand people. The Mbuti were the oldest inhabitants of the central African region. The Ituri is a rainforest and does not produced adequate food all year to support the Mbuti tribe. The Mbuti are hunters and gatherers. They believed that the forest is everything to them. They consider it as their God, parent, and provider. They perceived themselves as the children of the forest (Mosko,1987).According to Mosko, all early(a) tribes that were not Mbuti live outside of the Ituri forest. The Mbuti do not practice any recognized display case of human relationship patterns in their social organization (Mosko,1987). There are recognitions of phylogenetic relation in some practices for instance, in rules of exogamous marriage or when setting up camp. The huts are laid out according to patrilineage, for vulgar support, but no acknowledgement of chemical attraction is given (Mosko,1987). The Mbuti hunt and gather resources such as meat, honey, fruits, buggy and mushrooms in the forest.They trade either labor or violent resources from their hunting and gathering for products from horticulturalist societies to supplement their diets (Bai ley, Head, Jenke, Owen, Rechtman and Zechenter, 1989). And in return, the Bambuti receives agricultural foods, salt, cloth, pots, pans, axes and blades, and other items not available in the forest. Mainly, the subsistence occupation of men consists of hunting animals and gathering wild honey. Like the other foraging societies, the Mbuti were very adjacent to nature.The Mbuti believed that the forest is their God, and possessed all the qualities of a god, parent, and colleague (Mosko,1987). They believed that all living things deplete a spirit and are equal (Mosko,1987). The Mbuti considered their tribe as one family and they are all related biologically, to some extent. They call each other by names of close family members if they are the same age, they call each other brothers and sisters (Mosko,1987). The older people are called Father or Mother and the elders are described as grandparents.Aside from the nuclear family settling in the same hut, there is tenuous number of areas in which the tribe expressed acknowledgement of biological kinship. This is contrary to most foraging societies, where kinship system are the bases of social structure (Nowak & Laird, 2010). The bands relocate from one place to another in seem for resources. Cooperation is also a valuable asset, since hunting and gathering is a cooperative effort. More common to foragers is the belief in the spirituality of nature (Nowak & Laird, 2010).Infectious disease in the forest lived on plants. Diseases are scarce large that the community cannot create immunity. Malnutrition is uncommon and if found, it is mild (Fabrega, 1997). Hunter gatherers normally benefit from healthy diet. Sickness is ordinarily a spiritual problem (Fabrega, 1997). The Mbuti considers the Ituri forest has a amount. The round huts, in which the Mbuti nuclear families live, has a center or sphere. They store foods in a round shaped baskets. The arrangement of the family hut is a smaller depiction of the organizatio n of the Mbuti tribe.The place of each band camps form a sphere, with the forest in its center. The Mbuti have an uncommon outlook of kinship and lineage, which are usually a determining factors in the social structures of other foraging societies, as well as horticulturist (Nowak & Laird, 2010). The Mbuti community do not know their lineage, which is prove in the way the camps are each laid out (Mosko, 1987). Marriage is exogamous to the band to which a person lives. They cannot marry their kin because all are biologically related, thats why they produced an exception to the kinship policy.Living elders who recognized the common ancestors of the band involved, then they are related. However, if the ancestors are no longer living forward the living elders recognized them, then the band becomes unrelated. This rule permits the Mbuti community to preserve their rules against marrying relatives and outside marriages. The Mbutis are unconnected into age groups. Age together with know ledge is important. The elders have the most knowledge, which gives them the authority. However, their authority can sometimes over-rule by the younger adults.Because they all have the same parent which is the forest, and do not cooperate with any kinship organization because they are all equivalent. The Mbuti lives mainly in the Ituri forest, it is their God and parent. All foraging societies have a special reverence for nature (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Hunting and gathering bring the tribe together and makes them closer to nature. They keep an eye on the forest and nature. Ownership have no importance because of their way of life, they move from one place to another. personalised traits and cooperative attitude are more important (Nowak & Laird, 2010).They have a healthy selection of food, which helps them to entreat diseases. Each feature of their way of life is nature-oriented and it all points out to their environment. The Mbuti is a complete culture that supports each portion of its survival on the forest, which is the cause for the subsistence technique from which they exist. References Bailey, R. C. , Head, G. , Jenike, M. , Owen, B. , Rechtman, R. , & Zechenter, E. (1989). Hunting and gathering in tropical rainforest Is it possible? American Anthropologist. New series 91(1) pp. 59-82. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. rg/stable/649276. Fabrega, H. Jr. (1997). Earliest phases in the evolution of sickness and healing. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. New series 11(1) pp. 26-55. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/649276. Mosko, M. S. (1997). The symbols of Forest A structural analysis of Mbuti culture and cordial organization. American Anthropologist. New series 89(4) pp. 896-913. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/677863. Nowak, B. , & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https//content. ashford. edu/books.